Review of the fast growing forest tree species in Turkey

Los antecedentes de la utilización de especies de crecimiento rápido en Turquía tienen se remontan a 50 años y en los últimos 35-40 años se ha abrodado desde un punto de vista científico. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., E. grandis W.Hill., Pinus pinaster Ait., P. radiata D. Don., chopos híbridos, algunos clones de Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. y P. nigra L. son las especies más importantes por su mayor utilización en ensayos de especies, orígenes y en plantaciones. Aunque las especies y orígenes americanas son los más usados en los ensayos, los resultados esperados no han podido ser alcanzados debido al bajo número de clones y orígenes, establecidos en los experimentos que no representan el área de distribución natural. Junto con estas especies, los estudios deberían centrarse en Pinus brutia Ten. que tiene una amplia área de distribución natural en Turquía, elevado potencial y caracteres relacionados con el crecimiento rápido. Además, P. brutia esta considerado como una especie que podría cubrir el déficit de suministro a largo plazo. También, los estudios deberían ocuparse de Fraxinus angustifolia Wahl. subsp. oxycarpa Bieb ex Willd., Salix excelsa J. F. Gmelin., S. Alba L., Pterocarya fraxinifolia Spach. y Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Yalt que fueron probados en varias regiones y mostraron mejores características de crecimiento rápido que otras especies de aliso indígenas._____________________________________The fast growing species have 50 year-old political and 35-40 year-old scientific background in Turkey. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., E. grandis W.Hill., Pinus pinaster Ait., P. radiata D. Don., hybrid poplars, some clones of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. and P. nigra L. are the most important species for obtaining a great deal of progress in species and origin experiments and starting the plantation phase in Turkey. In fast growing species process; although the American species and origins are mostly used, the desired outcomes could not be achived because of establishing the experiments with few number of clones and origins, which didn’t represent the natural distribution area. Along with these species, studies should be focused on Pinus brutia Ten. which has broad natural distribution area in Turkey, improvement potential and fast growing character. Furthermore, P. brutia is evaluated as a species which will close the supply deficit in long run. Also, studies should be performed on Fraxinus angustifolia Wahl. subsp. oxycarpa Bieb ex Willd., Salix excelsa J. F. Gmelin., S. alba L., Pterocarya fraxinifolia Spach. and Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Yalt. which was experimented in regional base and showed the faster growing character than the other indigenous alder species and native species

Heritability of seed weight in Maritime pine, a relevant trait in the transmission of environmental maternal effects

Quantitative seed provisioning is an important life-history trait with strong effects on offspring phenotype and fitness. As for any other trait, heritability estimates are vital for understanding its evolutionary dynamics. However, being a trait in between two generations, estimating additive genetic variation of seed provisioning requires complex quantitative genetic approaches for distinguishing between true genetic and environmental maternal effects. Here, using Maritime pine as a long-lived plant model, we quantified additive genetic variation of cone and seed weight (SW) mean and SW within-individual variation. We used a powerful approach combining both half-sib analysis and parent-offspring regression using several common garden tests established in contrasting environments to separate G, E and G x E effects. Both cone weight and SW mean showed significant genetic variation but were also influenced by the maternal environment. Most of the large variation in SW mean was attributable to additive genetic effects (h(2) = 0.55-0.74). SW showed no apparent G x E interaction, particularly when accounting for cone weight covariation, suggesting that the maternal genotypes actively control the SW mean irrespective of the amount of resources allocated to cones. Within-individual variation in SW was low (12%) relative to between-individual variation (88%), and showed no genetic variation but was largely affected by the maternal environment, with greater variation in the less favourable sites for pine growth. In summary, results were very consistent between the parental and the offspring common garden tests, and clearly indicated heritable genetic variation for SW mean but not for within-individual variation in SW.This study was financed by the Spanish National Research Grants RTA2007-100 and AGL2012-40151 (FENOPIN), both co-financed by EU-FEDER. The progeny trials and the clonal seed orchards are part of the experimental set up of the Maritime pine breeding programme developed by the Centro de Investigacion Forestal de Lourizan, Xunta de Galicia.Spanish National Research Grant RTA2007-100Spanish National Research Grant AGL2012-40151 (FENOPIN)EU-FEDERPeer reviewe

Evaluation of seed production of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clonal seed orchard with cone analysis method

This research was carried out to investigate seed production in a 13 years-old scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clonal seed orchard, including 30 clones. Eight of cone and seed traits as number of fertileand infertile scales, cone volume, cone number, filled and empty seed number, seed efficiency and 1000 seed weight were studied. Significant differences existed between the clones in all traits. The overallmean of fertile scale number was 30.1 with a range of 19.8 to 42.2 among the clones while infertile scale number was 41.1 with a range of 34.1 to 51.5. Overall mean of filled seed number, empty seed numberand filled seed percentage was 11.6, 15.0 and 43.6%, respectively. The cone number and cone volume varied 33.4 to 287.88 and 6.6 to 18.2 cm3 among the clones, respectively. The average seed efficiencyfor all clones was rather low and 17.9%. The overall mean of 1000 seed weight was found 10.9 g with a range of 8.6 to 13.2 g. As to 1000 seed weight and filled seed number values, 0.68-19.33 kg of filledseeds per hectare varying among the clones can be produced in this orchard. The cluster dendrogram produced two groups; 18, 27, 26, 30 numbered clones in the first group and the others

Ponseti technique for the correction of idiopathic clubfeet presenting up to 1 year of age. A preliminary study in children with untreated or complex deformities

Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Ponseti method in children presenting before 1 year of age with either untreated or complex (initially treated unsuccessfully by other conservative methods) idiopathic clubfeet. Patients and methods: The authors report 134 feet of 92 patients with Dimeglio grade 2, 3, or 4 deformities treated with the Ponseti method. Twenty-four percent of feet were of complex deformities at initial presentation to the authors' clinics. Results: At a mean follow-up of 46 months (range 24-89) we avoided joint release surgery in 97% of feet. Sixty-seven percent required a percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon. Relapse rate was 31% (41 feet). We treated 2 relapses by restarting the use of orthosis, 17 with re-casting, 18 with anterior tibial tendon transfer following a second relapse, and 4 feet with extensive joint surgery. Compliance with the use of orthosis was identified as the most important risk factor (P < 0.0001) for relapses. Previous unsuccessful treatment attempts by other conservative methods did not adversely affect the results unless the cases had iatrogenic deformities. Cases with iatrogenic deformities from previous treatment had a significantly increased risk of non-compliance and relapse. Experience of the treating surgeon and cast complications were also related to relapses. Conclusion: Our results show that the Ponseti technique is reproducible and effective in children at least up to 12 months of age. It can also produce good correction in children presenting with complex idiopathic deformities. Therefore, extensive joint releases should not be considered immediately in such cases. The treating surgeon should be meticulous in using the technique and ensure compliance to foot abduction brace in order to avoid recurrences

Tensile strength of ligaments after thermal shrinkage depending on time and immobilization: In vivo study in the rabbit

The effects of immobilization on healing collogenous tissue treated with thermal shrinkage are investigated in an in vivo rabbit model. Thermal shrinkage was performed on 45 of 50 medial collateral ligaments in 25 mature New Zealand rabbit knees. In half of the knees, the joints were immobilized. Animals were killed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks postoperatively. Failure loads of ligaments were determined, and morphalogic changes were evaluated by electron microscopy. The failure load of shrunken ligaments was significantly lower than that of the intact ligaments on the day of operation (P < .05). Shrunken ligaments reached their highest failure loads in the third week within the first 9 weeks. The immobilized ligaments remained weaker than the mobile group, but this difference was statistically significant only in the ninth week (P < .05). Immobilization seems to hove negative effects on the healing ligament. Ideal timing for remobilization is still controversial, and abandoning immobilization protocols for longer than 3 weeks should be considered