Role of Social Networks in the help seeking experiences among Chinese suffering from severe mental illness in England: a qualitative study

© The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Association of Social Workers. All rights reserved. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr199The onset of mental illness can have a significant impact on individuals' lives and on the people who they come into contact with in their social networks. This paper presents the findings of the exploratory stage of a larger study that aims to examine the role of social networks in the help-seeking process of Chinese people suffering from severe mental illness in England. The study used a qualitative phenomenological approach in which in-depth interviews were conducted with three Chinese people suffering from severe mental illness and four network ties who were involved in the help-seeking process. The results of the study showed that family may not be involved in every stage of help-seeking. The size of social networks of Chinese people suffering from mental illness became bigger and the composition of social networks became more diverse after their first contact with mental health services. The implications of the study encourage social workers and mental health professionals to explore resources in the wider social networks to ensure that Chinese people suffering from mental illness receive ad- equate support to meet their mental health needs.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Molecular Phylogenetics and Diagnosis of \u3ci\u3eAnisakis\u3c/i\u3e, \u3ci\u3ePseudoterranova\u3c/i\u3e, and \u3ci\u3eContracaecum\u3c/i\u3e from Northern Pacific Marine Mammals

Individual specimens of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern Pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 Anisakis taxa, 8 Pseudoterranova taxa, 4 Contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. Partial 28S (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) ribosomal DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequences of ITS indicated that Pseudoterranova specimens from Zalophus californianus (California sea lion), Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal), Phoca vitulina (harbor seal), Enhydra lutris (sea otter), and Eumetopias jubatus (Steller’s sea lion) exactly matched P. decipiens s. str., extending the host and geographic range of this species. Anisakis from northern Pacific marine mammals were most closely related to members of the A. simplex species complex. Comparison of Anisakis ITS sequences diagnosed the presence of A. simplex C in 2 M. angustirostris hosts, which is a new host record. Anisakis specimens from Phocoena phocoena (harbor porpoise), Lissodelphis borealis (Pacific rightwhale porpoise), and E. jubatus included 3 ITS sequences that did not match any known species. Contracaecum adults obtained from Z. californianus were most closely related to C. ogmorhini s.l. and C. rudolphii, but ITS sequences of these Contracaecum specimens did not match C. ogmorhini s. str. or C. margolisi. These novel Anisakis and Contracaecum ITS sequences may represent previously uncharacterized species. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis. Phylogenetic trees inferred from ITS sequences yielded robustly supported relationships for Pseudoterranova and Anisakis species that are primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data

Biodiversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Araucaria angustifolia forest

O pinheiro brasileiro, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze é uma espécie arbórea ameaçada de extinção, quase exterminada pela exploração descontrolada de madeira. Essa espécie demonstra alta dependência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), de grande importância para a estabilidade do ecossistema e manutenção da biodiversidade. Avaliou-se a colonização radicular, a densidade e a diversidade de esporos de FMA em duas florestas com araucária, distintas no processo sucessional, em duas épocas de amostragem: maio e outubro. As florestas, localizadas no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto do Ribeira (PETAR), correspondem a 1) Floresta Ombrófila Mista nativa (FN), em estágio clímax, sem sinais de interferência antrópica, e a 2) floresta de araucária plantada em 1987 (R), submetida a pastoreio. Foram avaliados: colonização radicular, número de esporos e riqueza de espécies de FMA e calculados os índices de dominância de Simpson (Is) e de diversidade de Shannon (H). A colonização radicular não diferiu entre as duas comunidades na primeira amostragem (maio). Na segunda amostragem (outubro), houve maior colonização radicular na floresta nativa do que na floresta plantada e a colonização radicular foi mais intensa em comparação com as coletas de maio. No total, foram encontradas 27 espécies de FMA, com maior número de esporos em FN em relação a R. A análise canônica discriminante (ACD) indicou que o índice de diversidade de Shannon foi o atributo ecológico que mais contribuiu para distinguir os dois ecossistemas florestais, com altos valores de H para FN em relação a R. ACD mostrou ser importante ferramenta para o estudo dos atributos ecológicos.Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. is an endangered Brazilian coniferous tree that has been almost exterminated in the native areas because of uncontrolled wood exploitation. This tree has been shown to be highly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and, therefore, AMF may be essential for forest sustainability and biological diversity. Root colonization, density and diversity of AMF spores were assessed in two Araucaria forest stands at the State Park of Alto Ribeira (PETAR), at two sampling dates: May and October. A comparison was made between a mature native stand composed of Araucaria trees mixed into a variety of tropical trees and shrubs, without any sign of anthropogenic interference (FN) and an Araucaria stand planted in 1987 (R), which has been used as a pasture. Assessments included percent root colonization, AMF spore numbers and species richness, Simpson's dominance index (Is), and Shannon's diversity index (H). Mycorrhizal root colonization did not differ between ecosystems in May. In October, however, the native stand (FN) presented a higher colonization than the planted forest (R), and the root colonization was more intense than in May. When considering both sampling periods and forests, 27 species of AM fungi, with higher numbers of spores in FN than in R were found. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated Shannon's diversity index as the ecological attribute that contributed the most to distinguish between forest ecosystems, with higher value of H in FN in relation to R. CDA showed to be a useful tool for the study of ecological attributes

Timing of Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Orders for Hospitalized Older Adults Who Require a Surrogate Decision‐Maker

OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency of surrogate decisions for in-hospital do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and the timing of DNR order entry for surrogate decisions. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Large, urban, public hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalized adults aged 65 and older over a 3-year period (1/1/2004–12/31/2006) with a DNR order during their hospital stay. MEASUREMENTS: Electronic chart review provided data on frequency of surrogate decisions, patient demographic and clinical characteristics, and timing of DNR orders

Redution of the symptons caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca through application of benzothiadiazole and silicon

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do benzotiadiazole (BTH) e do silício sobre o controle da doença causada pela Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca em Nicotiana tabacum. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de casa de vegetação, onde as plantas de N. tabacum receberam inoculação de X. fastidiosa (linhagem 9a5c) com 4,7x107 UFC mL-1. Os tratamentos consistiram da pulverização das folhas, com soluções de BTH (0,6 e 1,2 mM), e aplicação ao solo de soluções de metassilicato de sódio (2 e 4 mM de Si). Cinco plantas foram utilizadas, por tratamento. Plantas de N. tabacum tratadas com BTH não demonstraram redução de sintomas da bacteriose. Entretanto, plantas tratadas com metassilicato de sódio, sim. A indução de resistência pelo Si poderá ser útil no controle da clorose variegada dos citros.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and silicon applications on the control of the disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca on Nicotiana tabacum. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions, where X. fastidiosa (9a5c strain) containing 4.7x107 CFU mL-1 was inoculated in N. tabacum plants. The BTH and silicon treatments consisted of BTH (0.6 and 1.2 mM) application to plant leaves, and sodium metasilicate solution (2 and 4 mM of Si) application to soil. Plants of N. tabacum treated with BTH showed no reduction in symptoms. However, plants treated with sodium metasilicate (source of Si) were rendered asymptomatic. Disease resistance induced by Si can be useful to control citrus variegated chlorosis

Online coupling of reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for protein and glycoprotein characterization

We have developed a novel system for coupling reverse-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) online in a micro-flow scheme. In this approach, the inherent solvent incompatibility between RP and HILIC is overcome through the use of constant-pressure online solvent mixing, which allows our system to perform efficient separations of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds for mass spectrometry-based proteomics applications. When analyzing the tryptic digests of bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease B, and horseradish peroxidase, we observed near-identical coverage of peptides and glycopeptides when using online RP-HILIC—with only a single sample injection event—as we did from two separate RP and HILIC analyses. The coupled system was also capable of concurrently characterizing the peptide and glycan portions of deglycosylated glycoproteins from one injection event, as confirmed, for example, through our detection of 23 novel glycans from turkey ovalbumin. Finally, we validated the applicability of using RP-HILIC for the analysis of highly complex biological samples (mouse chondrocyte lysate, deglycosylated human serum). The enhanced coverage and efficiency of online RP-HILIC makes it a viable technique for the comprehensive separation of components displaying dramatically different hydrophobicities, such as peptides, glycopeptides, and glycans

Evaluation of DNA Methylation Episignatures for Diagnosis and Phenotype Correlations in 42 Mendelian Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Genetic syndromes frequently present with overlapping clinical features and inconclusive or ambiguous genetic findings which can confound accurate diagnosis and clinical management. An expanding number of genetic syndromes have been shown to have unique genomic DNA methylation patterns (called episignatures ). Peripheral blood episignatures can be used for diagnostic testing as well as for the interpretation of ambiguous genetic test results. We present here an approach to episignature mapping in 42 genetic syndromes, which has allowed the identification of 34 robust disease-specific episignatures. We examine emerging patterns of overlap, as well as similarities and hierarchical relationships across these episignatures, to highlight their key features as they are related to genetic heterogeneity, dosage effect, unaffected carrier status, and incomplete penetrance. We demonstrate the necessity of multiclass modeling for accurate genetic variant classification and show how disease classification using a single episignature at a time can sometimes lead to classification errors in closely related episignatures. We demonstrate the utility of this tool in resolving ambiguous clinical cases and identification of previously undiagnosed cases through mass screening of a large cohort of subjects with developmental delays and congenital anomalies. This study more than doubles the number of published syndromes with DNA methylation episignatures and, most significantly, opens new avenues for accurate diagnosis and clinical assessment in individuals affected by these disorders

Dysregulation of locus coeruleus development in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Human congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), resulting from mutations in transcription factor PHOX2B, manifests with impaired responses to hypoxemia and hypercapnia especially during sleep. To identify brainstem structures developmentally affected in CCHS, we analyzed two postmortem neonatal-lethal cases with confirmed polyalanine repeat expansion (PARM) or Non-PARM (PHOX2B∆8) mutation of PHOX2B. Both human cases showed neuronal losses within the locus coeruleus (LC), which is important for central noradrenergic signaling. Using a conditionally active transgenic mouse model of the PHOX2B∆8 mutation, we found that early embryonic expression (<E10.5) caused failure of LC neuronal specification and perinatal respiratory lethality. In contrast, later onset (E11.5) of PHOX2B∆8 expression was not deleterious to LC development and perinatal respiratory lethality was rescued, despite failure of chemosensor retrotrapezoid nucleus formation. Our findings indicate that early-onset mutant PHOX2B expression inhibits LC neuronal development in CCHS. They further suggest that such mutations result in dysregulation of central noradrenergic signaling, and therefore, potential for early pharmacologic intervention in humans with CCHS

A synthesis of evidence for policy from behavioural science during COVID-19

Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions1, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process2. In April 2020, an influential paper3 proposed 19 policy recommendations (‘claims’) detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms ‘physical distancing’ and ‘social distancing’. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization

A synthesis of evidence for policy from behavioural science during COVID-19

Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions 1, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process 2. In April 2020, an influential paper 3 proposed 19 policy recommendations (‘claims’) detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms ‘physical distancing’ and ‘social distancing’. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization