Computational Analysis of Dengue and Chikungunya Viral Gene Sequences To Elucidate Their Transmission and/or Symptoms Similarity

Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA mosquito-borne viruses that have been disseminated worldwide. Both the viruses are dissimilar in many aspects like genome organization and expression, particle size and taxonomical status except two similar aspects i.e. mode of transmission and the disease pathogenecity. Reports are indicating the co-infection of the both the viruses in a same patient. In view of similarities and/or dissimilarities between these two viruses, we indented to identify the existence of homology between any two gene sequences of which one from each virus. For this study we have analyzed all the structural and non structural nucleotide sequences of DENV type 1 (ACCESSION no. NC_001477) and CHIKV IND-06-Guj strain (ACCESSION no. JF272477) using the computational techniques. The results indicated that there is no homology between structural genes of both viruses. But analysis of the non-structural genes revealed that DENV NS4B and CHIKV nsp2 is showing the considerable homology. It is reported that DENV NS4B is involved in maintaining the replication balance in mosquito and human hosts. Hence we predict based on our results, CHIKV nsp2 which is showing homology with the DENV NS4B also serving same purpose in case of CHIKV. Further functional analysis of DENV NS4B and CHIKV nsP2 revealed the information that both have role in IFN inhibition and likely to have an important role in viral pathogenesis. Identification of common or shared epitopes on these polypeptides could lead to the development of an immunogen which could serve as vaccine candidate for both the viruses

Physio-Anatomical consideration of Upsneha & Upsweda with special reference to Garbh Poshan in Ayurveda - A Review

The science of Garbha Vyakaran has been always a subject of great interest for the persons devoted to it. The matter related to the concept of Garbha Vyakaran is systematically described in Ayurvedic literature. Nutrition of embryo mainly concerned with the mechanism involved in both the parts of mother and foetus to meet the requirements for growth and development during intra-uterine life. According to Ayurveda, it is the cessation of menses during pregnancy which affects the mammary glands of the breast and causes lactation for the post-natal feeding of the baby. Apart from the concept of nutritional supply through placenta which is well established in modern science, the relationship in between the changes occurring in the mother and in their body organs, have been tried to explain in the light of present knowledge

STUDY OF EFFECTS OF SPONTANEOUS DELIVERY OF PLACENTA VERSUS MANUAL REMOVAL OF PLACENTA DURING CESAREAN SECTION AT TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of manual removal of placenta and spontaneous delivery of placenta during cesarean section. Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective comparative study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar. 400 antenatal women at term and singleton pregnancy posted for cesarean section from October 2018 to September 2019 for 1 year duration. The study populations were divided into two groups (200 each). Group A in whom placenta deliver spontaneously and Group B in whom placenta was removed manually. Comparison was done in term of blood loss, fever, endometritis, and delayed complications. Results: The manual removal of placenta associated with greater blood loss (p<0.0001, statistically significant), the greater fall in hemoglobin (p<0.0001, statistically significant). Manual removal of placenta was associated with leukocytosis (p=0.0009), higher incidence of fever, post-operative uterine tenderness, and sub involution of uterus (p<0.05 statistically significant). This is reflected by increased incidence of endometritis with manual removal (p=0.001, Significant). The overall time taken between delivery of baby to delivery of placenta was significantly lesser in manual removal method (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Manual method seems to decrease the time interval between delivery of baby and that of placenta. Manual removal of placenta does more harm than benefit by increasing the incidence of fall in hemoglobin and delayed complication

Can peripheral blood smear examination be totally replaced by automated hematology analyser - with special reference to anemia?

Background: The aims and objectives of present study was to correlate typing of anemia based on RBC indices obtained from an automated analyzer with peripheral blood smear (PBS) examination and also to find out whether the number of PBS examination can be reduced with the help of automated hematology analyzer.Methods: A total of 2500 blood samples showing anemia as per WHO reference range were collected in central pathology lab of SVBP Hospital attached to L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India over a period of one year. Samples were reported by auto-analyzer and PBS examination simultaneously.Results: Out of total 2500 cases, there were 1623 females (64.9%) and 877 males (35.1%) with male: female ratio 0.54:1. By auto-analyzer and PBS examination, MCHC anemia (49.8%) was the commonest anemia followed by NCNC anemia (36.5%) and Macrocytic anemia (4.2%). Discordant typing of anemia between two methods was found in 284 (11.4%) cases only. These cases were diagnosed as normocytic normochromic (NCNC) anemia with raised RDW by autoanalyzer while as Dimorphic Anemia (DA) on PBS examination. Also morphological changes such as RBC inclusions, spherocytes, RBC fragments, schistocytes, nucleated RBCs were seen only on PBS examination.Conclusions: The Study concluded that even today PBS examination is very important and cannot be totally replaced by automated analyzer and both methods are complementary to each other

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity evaluation of some 2-(9-acridinylamino )pyridines and 2-(9-acridinylamino/imino)thiazolines

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Ability and disability in autism spectrum disorder:a systematic literature review employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth version

Objective: This study is the first in a series of four empirical investigations to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The objective was to use a systematic review approach to identify, number, and link functional ability and disability concepts used in the scientific ASD literature to the nomenclature of the ICF-CY (Children and Youth version of the ICF, covering the life span). Methods: Systematic searches on outcome studies of ASD were carried out in Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC and Cinahl, and relevant functional ability and disability concepts extracted from the included studies. These concepts were then linked to the ICF-CY by two independent researchers using a standardized linking procedure. New concepts were extracted from the studies until saturation of identified ICF-CY categories was reached. Results: Seventy-one studies were included in the final analysis and 2475 meaningful concepts con tained in these studies were linked to 146 ICF-CY categories. Of these, 99 categories were considered most relevant to ASD (i.e., identified in at least 5% of the studies), of which 63 were related to Activities and Participation, 28 were related to Body functions, and 8 were related to Environmental factors. The five most frequently identified categories were basic interpersonal interactions (51%), emotional functions (49%), complex interpersonal interactions (48%), attention functions (44%), and mental functions of language (44%). Conclusion: The broad variety of ICF-CY categories identified in this study reflects the heterogeneity of functional differences found in ASD—both with respect to disability and exceptionality—and underlines the potential value of the ICF-CY as a framework to capture an individual's functioning in all dimensions of life. The current results in combination with three additional preparatory studies (expert survey, focus groups, and clinical study) will provide the scientific basis for defining the ICF Core Sets for ASD for multipurpose use in basic and applied research and every day clinical practice of ASD. Autism Res 2015, 8: 782–794. © 2015 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research

Case Reports1. A Late Presentation of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Beware of TGFβ Receptor Mutations in Benign Joint Hypermobility

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and dissections are not uncommon causes of sudden death in young adults. Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare, recently described, autosomal dominant, connective tissue disease characterized by aggressive arterial aneurysms, resulting from mutations in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor genes TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. Mean age at death is 26.1 years, most often due to aortic dissection. We report an unusually late presentation of LDS, diagnosed following elective surgery in a female with a long history of joint hypermobility. Methods: A 51-year-old Caucasian lady complained of chest pain and headache following a dural leak from spinal anaesthesia for an elective ankle arthroscopy. CT scan and echocardiography demonstrated a dilated aortic root and significant aortic regurgitation. MRA demonstrated aortic tortuosity, an infrarenal aortic aneurysm and aneurysms in the left renal and right internal mammary arteries. She underwent aortic root repair and aortic valve replacement. She had a background of long-standing joint pains secondary to hypermobility, easy bruising, unusual fracture susceptibility and mild bronchiectasis. She had one healthy child age 32, after which she suffered a uterine prolapse. Examination revealed mild Marfanoid features. Uvula, skin and ophthalmological examination was normal. Results: Fibrillin-1 testing for Marfan syndrome (MFS) was negative. Detection of a c.1270G > C (p.Gly424Arg) TGFBR2 mutation confirmed the diagnosis of LDS. Losartan was started for vascular protection. Conclusions: LDS is a severe inherited vasculopathy that usually presents in childhood. It is characterized by aortic root dilatation and ascending aneurysms. There is a higher risk of aortic dissection compared with MFS. Clinical features overlap with MFS and Ehlers Danlos syndrome Type IV, but differentiating dysmorphogenic features include ocular hypertelorism, bifid uvula and cleft palate. Echocardiography and MRA or CT scanning from head to pelvis is recommended to establish the extent of vascular involvement. Management involves early surgical intervention, including early valve-sparing aortic root replacement, genetic counselling and close monitoring in pregnancy. Despite being caused by loss of function mutations in either TGFβ receptor, paradoxical activation of TGFβ signalling is seen, suggesting that TGFβ antagonism may confer disease modifying effects similar to those observed in MFS. TGFβ antagonism can be achieved with angiotensin antagonists, such as Losartan, which is able to delay aortic aneurysm development in preclinical models and in patients with MFS. Our case emphasizes the importance of timely recognition of vasculopathy syndromes in patients with hypermobility and the need for early surgical intervention. It also highlights their heterogeneity and the potential for late presentation. Disclosures: The authors have declared no conflicts of interes

Interventions aimed at preventing and reducing overweight/obesity among children and adolescents:a meta-synthesis

The prevalence of child and adolescent obesity has been a major worldwide problem for decades. To stop the number of youth with overweight/obesity from increasing, numerous interventions focusing on improving children's weight status have been implemented. The growing body of research on weight-related interventions for youth has been summarized by several meta-analyses aiming to provide an overview of the effectiveness of interventions. Yet, the number of meta-analyses is expanding so quickly and overall results differ, making a comprehensive synopsis of the literature difficult. To tackle this problem, a meta-synthesis was conducted to draw informed conclusions about the state of the effectiveness of interventions targeting child and adolescent overweight. The results of the quantitative synthesis of 26 meta-analyses resulted in a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.12 (95%CI: -0.16, -0.08). Several moderator analyses showed that participant and intervention characteristics had little impact on the overall effect size. However, a moderator analysis distinguishing between obesity treatment and obesity prevention studies showed that obesity treatment interventions (SMD: -0.048, 95%CI: -0.60, -0.36) were significantly more effective in reducing body mass index than obesity prevention interventions (SMD: -0.08, 95%CI: -0.11, -0.06). Overall, the results of this meta-synthesis suggest that interventions result in statistically significant effects albeit of relatively little clinical relevance