Measurement: Food

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Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile depend on body fat in European adolescents: The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study

© 2014 The Authors. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile in adolescents from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study (2006-7), and to assess the role of body fat-related variables in these associations. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, TAG, apoB and apoA1 were measured in 454 adolescents (44 % boys) aged 12·5-17·5 years. Macronutrient intake (g/4180 kJ per d (1000 kcal per d)) was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Associations were evaluated by multi-level analysis and adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, centre, sum of four skinfolds, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviours and diet quality index for adolescents. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with HDL-C (β =-0·189, P< 0·001). An inverse association was found between fat intake and TAG (β =-0·319, P< 0·001). Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipids varied according to adiposity levels, i.e. an inverse association between carbohydrate intake and HDL-C was only observed in those adolescents with a higher waist:height ratio. As serum lipids and excess body fat are the major markers of CVD, these findings should be considered when developing strategies to prevent the risk of CVD among adolescents.TheHELENA study was financially supported by the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034).Peer Reviewe

Dieta, estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes europeos

La infancia y la adolescencia no sólo se caracterizan por ser periodos de crecimiento rápido y maduración, sino también porque se adquiere el comportamiento alimentario para toda la vida. También se ha observado que las primeras manifestaciones de arteriosclerosis se dan de forma temprana durante la infancia y que, además, están relacionadas con la dieta y otros estilos de vida como la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios, entre otros factores. Por todo ello, es de gran importancia valorar de forma precisa la dieta de los niños y adolescentes para poder establecer relaciones entre dieta y enfermedad, así como identificar posibles asociaciones entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el estilo de vida en este grupo poblacional, que permitan desarrollar estrategias dirigidas a mejorar el estilo de vida de los niños y adolescentes y así prevenir la aparición de enfermedades crónicas en el futuro. A nivel general, los objetivos de la presente Tesis Doctoral son: 1) determinar el grado de validez de dos métodos de valoración de la dieta para ser usados en niños y 2) analizar la asociación de la dieta y otros estilos de vida con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes para ampliar el conocimiento científico en este grupo de la población e identificar posibles brechas dentro de este área de investigación. Para la validación de los métodos de valoración de la dieta se obtuvieron mediciones de niños participantes en el estudio IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle induced health effects in children and infants). Un total de 36 niños (4-10 años) de España y Bélgica fueron medidos para determinar la validez de un recuerdo dietético de 24-horas en comparación con la técnica del agua doblemente marcada. En la validación del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos semi-cuantitativo se incluyeron 2.508 niños (2-8 años) procedentes de ocho países europeos (Italia, Estonia, Chipre, Bélgica, Suecia, Alemania, Hungría, España). Para la consecución del segundo objetivo se obtuvieron mediciones tanto de niños europeos (n=5.548) participantes en el estudio IDEFICS como de adolescentes europeos (n=511) de entre 12,5-17,5 años que participaron en el estudio HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) el cual se llevó a cabo en diez ciudades europeas (Atenas en Grecia, Dortmund en Alemania, Gante en Bélgica, Heraklion en Grecia, Lille en Francia, Pécs en Hungría, Roma en Italia, Estocolmo en Suecia, Viena en Austria y Zaragoza en España). Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que la capacidad del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para clasificar a los individuos en función de su ingesta fue diferente en función de grupo de alimentos considerado; sin embargo, el recuerdo dietético de 24-horas resultó ser un buen método para determinar la ingesta de energía a nivel del grupo, pero no a nivel individual. En cuanto al riesgo cardiovascular, la ingesta elevada de algunos alimentos como los frutos secos y semillas y los cereales de desayuno, entre otros, en niños y como los lácteos en adolescentes se asoció inversamente con el riesgo cardiovascular. Aparte de la dieta, los estilos de vida, concretamente el sedentarismo, también se asociaron con el riesgo cardiovascular ya que jugar a los videojuegos durante más de cuatro horas los fines de semana aumentó al doble el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en chicos adolescentes. Además, el tener un tamaño de muestra suficientemente amplio permitió valorar la relación entre conjuntos o clusters de algunos estilos de vida y el riesgo cardiovascular. Por ejemplo, el tener un comportamiento caracterizado por niveles bajos de sedentarismo y baja ingesta de bebidas azucaradas se asoció con un menor riesgo cardiovascular. La influencia de los macronutrientes en el perfil lipídico sérico también fue investigada en la presente Tesis Doctoral. De hecho, los resultados mostraron que una ingesta elevada de hidratos de carbono y baja de lípidos estaba asociada con un peor perfil lipídico; además, cabe destacar que dichas asociaciones fueron dependientes de la masa grasa del individuo. Así mismo, también se observó que la asociación entre la ingesta de aminoácidos y la concentración de lípidos plasmáticos era dependiente de la ingesta de grasa del individuo. En resumen, estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de desarrollar métodos de valoración de la dieta capaces de estimarla de forma más precisa. Además, existe evidencia de que tanto la dieta como los comportamientos sedentarios están asociados con el riesgo cardiovascular durante la infancia y la adolescencia, por ello es necesario diseñar estrategias destinadas a prevenir el desarrollo de riesgo cardiovascular a edades tan tempranas promoviendo el consumo de alimentos saludables y la práctica de actividad física, a expensas de la disminución de los niveles de sedentarismo, tanto en niños como en adolescentes

Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile depend on body fat in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study

The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile in adolescents from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study (2006–7), and to assess the role of body fat-related variables in these associations. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, total choles- terol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, TAG, apoB and apoA1 were measured in 454 adolescents (44 % boys) aged 12·5–17·5 years. Macronutrient intake (g/4180 kJ per d (1000 kcal per d)) was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Associations were evaluated by multi-level analysis and adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, centre, sum of four skinfolds, moderate-to-vigorous

Relative validation of the adapted Mediterranean Diet Score for Adolescents by comparison with nutritional biomarkers and nutrient and food intakes: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study

Objective: To investigate whether adherence to the adapted Mediterranean Diet Score for Adolescents (MDS_A) and the adapted Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (KIDMED_A) is associated with better food/nutrient intakes and nutritional biomarkers. Design: The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study is a cross-sectional study aiming to obtain comparable data on a variety of nutritional and health-related parameters in European adolescents aged 12 center dot 5-17 center dot 5 years. Setting: Nine European countries. Participants: European adolescents (n 2330) recruited to the HELENA study. Dietary intake was obtained with 24 h dietary recalls, an FFQ and a Food Choices and Preferences questionnaire. MDS_A was calculated as a categorical variable using cut-offs (MDS_A), as a continuous variable (zMDS_A) and with energy adjustments (zEnMDS_A). The KIDMED_A score was also calculated. Results: Multilevel linear regression analysis showed positive associations for zMDS_A and KIDMED_A with serum levels of vitamin D, vitamin C, plasma folate, holo-transcobalamin, beta-carotene and n-3 fatty acids, while negative associations were observed with trans-fatty acid serum levels. For categorical indices, blood biomarkers showed few significant results. zMDS_A and KIDMED_A showed positive associations with vegetables and fruits intake, and negative associations with energy-dense and low-nutritious foods. zMDS_A and KIDMED_A were positively associated with all macronutrients, vitamins and minerals (all P < 0 center dot 0001), except with monosaccharides and PUFA for KIDMED_A and cholesterol for both indices (P < 0 center dot 05). Conclusions: zMDS_A and KIDMED_A have shown the strongest associations with the dietary indicators and biomarkers that have been associated with the Mediterranean diet before, and are therefore considered the most appropriate and valid Mediterranean diet scores for European adolescents

Correlates of dietary energy misreporting among European adolescents : the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study

This study examined the correlates of dietary energy under-reporting (UR) and over-reporting (OV) in European adolescents. Two selfadministered computerised 24-h dietary recalls and physical activity data using accelerometry were collected from 1512 adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 years from eight European countries. Objective measurements of height and weight were obtained. BMI was categorised according to Cole/International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. Diet-related attitudes were assessed via self-administered questionnaires.Reported energy intake (EI) was compared with predicted total energy expenditure to identify UR and OV using individual physical activity objective measures. Associations between misreporting and covariates were examined by multilevel logistic regression analyses. Among all, 33.3% of the adolescents were UR and 15.6% were OV when considering mean EI. Overweight (OR 3.25; 95% CI 2.01, 5.27) and obese (OR 4.31; 95% CI 1.92, 9.65) adolescents had higher odds for UR, whereas underweight individuals were more likely to over-report (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.01, 2.76). Being content with their own figures (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41, 0.89) decreased the odds for UR, whereas frequently skipping breakfast (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.53, 2.99) was linked with higher odds for UR. Those being worried about gaining weight (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.33, 0.92) were less likely to OV. Weight status and psychosocial weight-related factors were found to be the major correlates of misreporting. Misreporting may reflect socially desirable answers and low ability to report own dietary intakes, but also may reflect real under-eating in an attempt to lose weight or real over-eating to reflect higher intakes due to growth spurts. Factors influencing misreporting should be identified in youths to clarify or better understand diet-disease associations

Physiological and public health basis for assessing micronutrient requirements in children and adolescents. The EURRECA network

This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge relating to the nutritional requirements and corresponding recommended nutrient intake values of children and adolescents for micronutrients and specificities related to these requirements in the course of childhood and adolescence in Europe. Aspects that can influence micronutrient requirements, such as physiological requirements and bioavailability of the nutrients in the organism, are discussed. The methodology used to obtain the data and also the main knowledge gaps regarding these concepts are emphasized. Methodological critical points in achieving the data and physiological aspects of children and adolescents are important in order to standardize the reference values for micronutrients among Europe for these stages of life

Clustering of Multiple Energy Balance-Related Behaviors in School Children and Its Association with Overweight and Obesity—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015–2017)

It is unclear how dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviors co-occur in school-aged children. We investigated the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and whether the identified clusters were associated with weight status. Participants were 6- to 9-year-old children (n = 63,215, 49.9% girls) from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015/2017) of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Energy balance-related behaviors were parentally reported. Weight and height were objectively measured. We performed cluster analysis separately per group of countries (North Europe, East Europe, South Europe/Mediterranean countries and West-Central Asia). Seven clusters were identified in each group. Healthier clusters were common across groups. The pattern of distribution of healthy and unhealthy behaviors within each cluster was group specific. Associations between the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and weight status varied per group. In South Europe/Mediterranean countries and East Europe, all or most of the cluster solutions were associated with higher risk of overweight/obesity when compared with the cluster 'Physically active and healthy diet'. Few or no associations were observed in North Europe and West-Central Asia, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that unfavorable weight status is associated with a particular combination of energy balance-related behavior patterns, but only in some groups of countries

Urban and rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption among 6–9‐year‐old children from 19 countries from the WHO European region

In order to address the paucity of evidence on the association between childhood eating habits and urbanization, this cross-sectional study describes urban–rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption in 123,100 children aged 6–9 years from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015-2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children's parents/caregivers completed food-frequency questionnaires. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed and revealed wide variability among countries and within macroregions for all indicators. The percentage of children attending rural schools ranged from 3% in Turkey to 70% in Turkmenistan. The prevalence of less healthy eating habits was high, with between 30–80% and 30–90% children not eating fruit or vegetables daily, respectively, and up to 45% consuming soft drinks on >3 days a week. For less than one third of the countries, children attending rural schools had higher odds (OR-range: 1.1–2.1) for not eating fruit or vegetables daily or consuming soft drinks >3 days a week compared to children attending urban schools. For the remainder of the countries no significant associations were observed. Both population-based interventions and policy strategies are necessary to improve access to healthy foods and increase healthy eating behaviors among children.The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Republic of Austria; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR–RVO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; North Macedonia: COSI in North Macedonia is funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health in the country. WHO country office provides support for training and data management; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Serbia: This study was supported by the World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio