Avaliação da técnica de detecção por fluorescência como alternativa para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas em água para hemodiálise

Introduction: The microbiological quality of hemodialysis treated water is directly related to the occurrence of infections and pyrogenic reactions in patients. Objective: Determine the minimum incubation time and evaluate the alternative microbiological method performance for heterotrophic bacteria count in hemodialysis water through the fluorescence microbial detection technique. Method: The analyses were conducted by concentration levels of 2,5 x 10-1 to 1,0 x 102 CFU/plate for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The tests were performed simultaneously by the alternative and the traditional methods, using culture medium R2A and incubation temperature of 24.0°C ± 4.0°C. The incubation times were 40 h and 120 h, respectively. Fourteen hemodialysis water samples were analyzed to assess the equivalence between the methods evaluated. Results: The results demonstrated that the alternative method allows quantification of heterotrophic bacteria after 40 h of incubation, with accuracy, precision, specificity and linearity for the range of 5 to 100 CFU/plate. The detection limit of the alternative method is 1 CFU/plate. Conclusions: It was possible to conclude that the alternative method has equivalent results to the traditional method, since the confidence interval of the alternative method was entirely within the equivalence range. Therefore, the microbial detection technique by fluorescence showed a viable option for the implementation of a rapid microbiological method for the heterotrophic bacteria count in samples of treated water for hemodialysis.Introdução: A qualidade microbiológica da água tratada para hemodiálise está diretamente relacionada à ocorrência de infecções e de reações pirogênicas nos pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar o tempo de incubação mínimo e avaliar o desempenho do método microbiológico alternativo para a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas em água de hemodiálise por meio da técnica de detecção microbiana por fluorescência. Método: As análises foram conduzidas com níveis de concentração entre 2,5 x 10-1 e 1,0 x 102 UFC/placa para Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Os testes foram realizados simultaneamente pelos métodos alternativo e tradicional, utilizando o meio de cultura R2A e temperatura de incubação de 24,0°C ± 4,0°C. Os tempos de incubação empregados foram os de 40 h e 120 h, respectivamente. Quatorze amostras de água para hemodiálise foram analisadas para avaliação da equivalência entre os métodos avaliados. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que o método alternativo permite a quantificação de bactérias heterotróficas após 40 h de incubação, com precisão, exatidão, especificidade e linearidade para a faixa de 5 a 100 UFC/placa. O limite de detecção do método alternativo é 1 UFC/placa. Conclusões: O método alternativo possui resultados equivalentes ao método tradicional, uma vez que o intervalo de confiança do método alternativo obtido esteve compreendido inteiramente dentro da faixa de equivalência. Portanto, a técnica de detecção microbiana por fluorescência mostrou ser uma opção viável para a implementação de um método microbiológico rápido para a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas em amostras de água tratada para hemodiálise

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Is dialysis water a safe component for hemodialysis treatment in São Paulo State, Brazil?

Failure on the water treatment poses hemodialysis patients at risk of injury and death. Identifying if the patients are exposed to water quality related microbiological risks is an important objective to reduce the mortality for chronic renal patients and is the main issue of this study. We evaluated the microbiological water quality used by 205 dialysis services in São Paulo State, Brazil between 2010 to 2016. The study included heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliforms research, and bacterial endotoxin determination in 1366 dialysis water samples. The number of unsatisfactory clinics for at least one microbiological parameter decreased 16.0% between 2010 to 2015 but increased 57.2% in 2016. In 2010, the most frequent unsatisfactory parameter was related to heterotrophic bacteria count (54.8%) followed by endotoxin determination (45.2%). However, in 2013 an opposite situation was observed: endotoxin determination as the parameter of the higher incidence of nonconformities. Total coliform was verified at a lower frequency. We highlighted the importance of regular monitoring of dialysis water quality to prevent infections caused by dialytic procedures and to ensure that the water is a safe component of the treatment

Effectiveness of the monitoring program for ensuring the quality of water treated for dialysis in the state of São Paulo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney failure is a disease that affects the functions of the kidneys and can cause irreversible kidney failure over time. Among the main factors that cause this disease are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The number of patients presenting this clinical condition has been increasing in Brazil, leading to an increase in renal replacement therapy, such as hemodialysis. Material and methods: In the state of São Paulo, a joint action between the Adolfo Lutz Institute, the Sanitary Surveillance Center, and the Sanitary Surveillance Groups have promoted the State Program for the Monitoring of Water Treated for Dialysis since 2007 to evaluate the chemical and microbiological quality of the water used in dialysis in compliance with the current legislation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the monitoring program developed between 2010 and 2016 as a tool for corrective action when unsatisfactory results are observed. Results: The level of satisfactory results during the period varied from 85.8 to 98.0%, indicating an increase in the adequacy of the dialysis services in producing water with adequate quality for patient health. Conclusion: The design adopted in the state monitoring program is highly effective based on new collections after the joint actions of the Sanitary Surveillance System and the State Dialysis Services

Effectiveness of the monitoring program for ensuring the quality of water treated for dialysis in the state of São Paulo

<div><p>ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney failure is a disease that affects the functions of the kidneys and can cause irreversible kidney failure over time. Among the main factors that cause this disease are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The number of patients presenting this clinical condition has been increasing in Brazil, leading to an increase in renal replacement therapy, such as hemodialysis. Material and methods: In the state of São Paulo, a joint action between the Adolfo Lutz Institute, the Sanitary Surveillance Center, and the Sanitary Surveillance Groups have promoted the State Program for the Monitoring of Water Treated for Dialysis since 2007 to evaluate the chemical and microbiological quality of the water used in dialysis in compliance with the current legislation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the monitoring program developed between 2010 and 2016 as a tool for corrective action when unsatisfactory results are observed. Results: The level of satisfactory results during the period varied from 85.8 to 98.0%, indicating an increase in the adequacy of the dialysis services in producing water with adequate quality for patient health. Conclusion: The design adopted in the state monitoring program is highly effective based on new collections after the joint actions of the Sanitary Surveillance System and the State Dialysis Services.</p></div

Envolvimento parental na tarefa escolar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os sentimentos e percepções dos pais em relação ao envolvimento na tarefa escolar dos filhos. Foi utilizada pesquisa qualitativa, com ênfase na utilização do grupo focal. Participaram do estudo 12 responsáveis de adolescentes que cursavam o 7º, 8º e 9º anos do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola privada. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que os pais veem a tarefa escolar como elemento constituinte da dinâmica das atividades escolares, a despeito dos sentimentos negativos que permeiam seu envolvimento na referida tarefa