10 research outputs found
Causes of non-malarial fever in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Objectives
The awareness of non-malarial febrile illnesses (NMFIs) has been on the rise over the last decades.
Therefore, we undertook a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of causative agents of
non-malarial fevers on the African continent.
Materials and methods
We searched for literature in African Journals Online, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of
Science databases to identify aetiologic agents that had been reported and to determine summary
estimates of the proportional morbidity rates (PMr) associated with these pathogens among fever
patients.
Results
A total of 133 studies comprising 391,835 patients from 25 of the 54 African countries were eligible.
A wide array of aetiologic agents were described with considerable regional differences among the
leading agents. Overall, bacterial pathogens tested from blood samples accounted for the largest
proportion. The summary estimates from the meta-analysis were low for most of the agents. This
may have resulted from a true low prevalence of the agents, the failure to test for many agents or
the low sensitivity of the diagnostic methods applied. Our meta-regression analysis of study and
population variables showed that diagnostic methods determined the PMr estimates of typhoidal
Salmonella and Dengue virus. An increase in the PMr of Klebsiella spp. infections was observed
over time. Furthermore, the status of patients as either inpatient or outpatient predicted the PMr of
Klebsiella spp. infections.
Conclusion
The small number of epidemiological studies and the variety of NMFI agents on the African
continent emphasizes the need for harmonized studies with larger sample sizes. In particular,
diagnostic procedures for NMFIs should be standardized to facilitate comparability of study results
and to improve future meta-analyses. Reliable NMFI burden estimates will inform regional public
health strategies
CaracterĂsticas florais e polinizadores na qualidade de frutos de cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo
Ă“leo de soja e Ăłleo de soja residual em dietas para ovinos confinados: Parâmetros sanguĂneos
The objective of this study was to evaluate the
effects of 2 dietary lipid sources (soybean oil and
residual soybean oil) on blood parameters of
feedlot sheep. It were used 24 male lambs Santa
InĂŞs Ă— Dorper, uncastrated, distributed in a
randomized block design and assigned to three
experimental diets: C= control diet, composed by
forage concentrate ratio of 40:60, S= C with 6 %
of soybean oil, and R= C with 6 % of frying oil. Corn
silage was the roughage and concentrate was
composed by whole corn grain, soybean hulls,
sunflower meal, urea, mineral salt, limestone, and
antioxidant. The animals were kept in individual
pen for 105 days, and at day 59 blood samples
were collected by jugular vein puncture for
quantification of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol,
total protein, and liver enzymes AST (aspartate
aminotransferase), GGT (gamma glutamyl
transferase) and FAL (alkaline phosphatase).
Inclusion of 6 % of soybean oil or frying oil in diet
increased the concentration of cholesterol and
AST (p<0.01); FAL tended (p= 0.06) to increase
when residual oil was used. However, such
changes are not sufficient to cause damage to
animal health.Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da
inclusĂŁo de 2 fontes lipĂdicas (Ăłleo de soja e Ăłleo
de soja residual) na dieta de ovinos confinados
sobre os parâmetros sanguĂneos. Foram utiliza-
dos 24 borregos Santa InĂŞs Ă— Dorper, machos, nĂŁo
castrados, distribuĂdos em delineamento em blocos
casualizados e submetidos a trĂŞs dietas
experimentais: C= dieta controle, volumoso:con-
centrado na proporção de 40:60; S= C com inclusão
de 6 % de Ăłleo de soja; e R= C com inclusĂŁo de 6
% de Ăłleo de soja residual de fritura. Silagem de
milho foi utilizada como volumoso e o concentrado
era composto por milho grĂŁo inteiro, casca de soja,
farelo de girassol, ureia, sal mineral, calcário e
antioxidante. Os animais foram confinados por
105 dias, sendo que no dia 59 foram realizadas
colheitas de sangue através de punção da veia
jugular para quantificação de glicose, triglicérides,
colesterol e proteĂnas totais, alĂ©m das enzimas
hepáticas aspartato aminotransferase (AST),
gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e fosfatase
alcalina (FAL). A inclusĂŁo de 6 % de Ăłleo de soja
ou de Ăłleo residual na dieta aumentou as
concentrações sanguĂneas de colesterol e da
AST (p<0,01), e a FAL tendeu a aumentar (p= 0,06)
quando óleo residual foi utilizado. Porém, tais
alterações não foram suficientes para causarem
prejuĂzos na saĂşde animal
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the aetiological agents of non-malarial febrile illnesses in Africa
Background: The awareness of non-malarial febrile illnesses (NMFIs) has been on the rise over the last decades. Therefore, we undertook a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of causative agents of non-malarial fevers on the African continent. Methodology: We searched for literature in African Journals Online, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify aetiologic agents that had been reported and to determine summary estimates of the proportional morbidity rates (PMr) associated with these pathogens among fever patients. Findings: A total of 133 studies comprising 391,835 patients from 25 of the 54 African countries were eligible. A wide array of aetiologic agents were described with considerable regional differences among the leading agents. Overall, bacterial pathogens tested from blood samples accounted for the largest proportion. The summary estimates from the meta-analysis were low for most of the agents. This may have resulted from a true low prevalence of the agents, the failure to test for many agents or the low sensitivity of the diagnostic methods applied. Our meta-regression analysis of study and population variables showed that diagnostic methods determined the PMr estimates of typhoidal Salmonella and Dengue virus. An increase in the PMr of Klebsiella spp. infections was observed over time. Furthermore, the status of patients as either inpatient or outpatient predicted the PMr of Haemophilus spp. infections. Conclusion: The small number of epidemiological studies and the variety of NMFI agents on the African continent emphasizes the need for harmonized studies with larger sample sizes. In particular, diagnostic procedures for NMFIs should be standardized to facilitate comparability of study results and to improve future meta-analyses. Reliable NMFI burden estimates will inform regional public health strategies
Ontogenia do fruto em desenvolvimento de Alternanthera tenella Colla e Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus (Amaranthaceae)
Alternanthera tenella Colla e Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus sĂŁo espĂ©cies invasoras que ocorrem em culturas e terrenos baldios na regiĂŁo de Maringá, Paraná. O trabalho teve por objetivo a análise morfoanatĂ´mica dos frutos em desenvolvimento e estruturas nĂŁo pericárpicas dessas duas espĂ©cies, com a finalidade de contribuir com informações estruturais para identificação das espĂ©cies, classificação dos frutos e investigações ecolĂłgicas. Flores e frutos foram coletados no campus da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, fixados em GlutaraldeĂdo, secionados em micrĂłtomo de rotação e corados com a azul de Toluidina. As bractĂ©olas e perigĂ´nio sĂŁo persistentes nos frutos e tĂŞm estrutura diferente nas duas espĂ©cies. O aquĂŞnio de Alternanthera tenella mantĂ©m o mesmo nĂşmero de estratos celulares que o ovário, que sofrem colapso na fase madura, exceto o mesocarpo interno que se mantĂ©m com espessamento parietal em U e cristais. O utrĂculo de Amaranthus blitum Ă© semelhante ao ovário em nĂşmero de camadas celulares e apresenta aerĂŞnquima quando maduro. As sementes maduras sĂŁo exotestais, com mesotesta e endotesta colapsadas, e embriĂŁo curvo. Nesse estudo, foram registrados alguns caracteres estruturais dos perigĂ´nios e dos frutos que sĂŁo potencialmente significativos para caracterização e separação das espĂ©cies, ao contrário das sementes que sĂŁo muito semelhantes