統合保育場面における子ども同士の相互作用に関する検討 : 障害児との"共に遊ぶ経験"に焦点を当てて

本研究では,相互作用を必要とする場面で障害児が健常児とともに活動することが,日常の保育場面の相互作用に影響を及ぼすかを検討するために,小人数による活動を設定し,障害児と健常児との相互作用に変化が現れるかどうかを検討した。その結果,障害児と健常児との相互作用を成立させるためには,障害児のスキルの向上とともにその使用に関する援助の方法,健常児や保育担当者も含んだ環境設定のあり方などについての検討が重要であることが明らかになった

統合保育実践における保育者の認識による関わりの変容

本研究では,統合保育を行う保育者の障害児に対する認識を変容させることで障害児-保育者間の相互作用の変容を試みた。その結果,保育者の障害児に対する認識が変容することで保育者の始発反応に変化が現れた。しかし,それらの反応を維持し,障害児と保育者の相互作用を発展させ,障害児にとって統合保育をより効果的に利用するためには,保育者の認識変容だけでなく,障害児に対するアセスメント及び自発反応が生起するような環境設定等に対する体系的な理解と指導が重要であることが明らかになった

自閉症児の情報伝達行動の形成 : 制御変数の転移による機能化の促進

In this study, a child with autistic symptom could commnicate with others in the "mand" situation. But he had difficulties in other situations. In this study, he has been trained to shape commnication behaviors in systematical simulation settings. The result showed that he acquired functionally different communication behaviors by transferring stimulus-control from "echoic" behavior to " tact" behavior. This would suggest that systematical stimulus-control transfer would promote functional commnication behaviors

社会的相互作用に困難を示す幼児への治療教育的アプローチ : 機能的言語行動の形成

本研究は,社会的相互作用に困難を示す幼児に機能的言語行動を形成することを目的とした。その結果,他者に対する接近反応や要求語が生起し,ことばによる相互作用が形成された。これらの結果から,幼児に対して「人」という刺激が強化事態として機能することで自発的な反応が増加し,機能的な言語行動を形成しうること,そして幼児の相互作用の始発に対して「人」刺激とともに選択可能な複数の刺激を提示することで自発的な相互作用が促進されることが明らかになった

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

新見公立短期大学における紀要のあゆみ

新見女子短期大学紀要は開学直後の1980年に創刊され,以来年刊誌として刊行が継続されて現在に至っている。1999年度からは,大学の名称が新見公立短期大学と変更されたことに伴い,誌名を新見公立短期大学紀要と変更し,継承誌として第20巻から刊行を継続することになった。第1巻は掲載論文9編・総ページ数115ページであった。その後,掲載論文数・総ページ数ともに増加を続け,第19巻(1998年)では掲載論文20編・総ページ数240ページと創刊時の2倍以上となった。本学紀要は,掲載論文の専門分野が多種多様である。このため,書式・体裁・文献の記載法などについては最小限の統一をはかり,細目については各専門分野の慣習にまかせる編集方針を採っている。教員に研究発表の場を提供するために,刊行費節約の努力を続けながらも,本学紀要の今後の発展を計りたい

Two-step mechanism of photodamage to photosystem II: Step 1 occurs at the oxygen-evolving complex and step 2 occurs at the photochemical reaction center

Under strong light, photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms is inactivated, and this phenomenon is called photoinhibition. In a widely accepted model, photoinhibition is induced by excess light energy, which is absorbed by chlorophyll but not utilized in photosynthesis. Using monochromatic light from the Okazaki Large Spectrograph and thylakoid membranes from Thermosynechococcus elongatus, we observed that UV and blue light inactivated the oxygen-evolving complex much faster than the photochemical reaction center of PSII. These observations suggested that the light-induced damage was associated with a UV- and blue light-absorbing center in the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII. The action spectrum of the primary event in photodamage to PSII revealed the strong effects of UV and blue light and differed considerably from the absorption spectra of chlorophyll and thylakoid membranes. By contrast to the photoinduced inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex in untreated thylakoid membranes, red light efficiently induced inactivation of the PSII reaction center in Tris-treated thylakoid membranes, and the action spectrum resembled the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. Our observations suggest that photodamage to PSII occurs in two steps. Step 1 is the light-induced inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. Step 2, occurring after step 1 is complete, is the inactivation of the PSII reaction center by light absorbed by chlorophyll. We confirmed our model by illumination of untreated thylakoid membranes with blue and UV light, which inactivated the oxygen-evolving complex, and then with red light, which inactivated the photochemical reaction center