チュウスウ ノルアドレナリン トウシャケイ ノ カレイ ヘンカ ト カソセイ

The locus coeruleus (LC), located within the caudal pontine central gray, is composed of noradrenalinecontaining neurons. The axons of these neurons form extensive collateral branches that project widely to many brain sites. The function of the LC is still unclear at present, however, LC neurons are known that exhibit marked axonal regeneration and sprouting in response to brain damage. We investigated the agerelated changes in noradrenergic innervations of the frontal cortex, using in vivo electrophysiological techniques and immunohistochemistry. While noradrenergic innervations gradually decreased with age in the frontal cortex, a high degree of sprouting occurred in the LC axon terminals in the middle age. These findings suggested that the LC neurons preserve a strong capacity to remodel their axon terminals even in the aging brain. Exogenous brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) infusion caused a marked increase in the density of noradrenergic axon in the aged brain, but no trophic action of BDNF was observed in the young and middle-aged brain. The result suggests that BDNF is necessary for the maintenance of noradrenergic innervations in the aged brain

Bezold’s abscess in a diabetic patient without significant clinical symptoms

A 52-year-old Japanese man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with mild dizziness. On admission, the physical examination only revealed tachycardia and right sided cervical lymphadenopathy. On the fifth day of admission, his mental status slightly worsened. Urgent Computed Tomography (CT) of the head and neck revealed multiple abscesses spreading from the right temporal bone to the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. Bezold’s abscess was diagnosed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from middle ear fluid and blood cultures.Bezold’s abscess has rarely been described in the era of antimicrobial therapy. However this abscess can still occur in patients without any typical severe symptoms. Repeated history taking and thorough physical examination can help detect Bezold’s abscess

Specificity of Atonal and Scute bHLH factors: analysis of cognate E box binding sites and the influence of Senseless

The question of how proneural bHLH transcription factors recognise and regulate their target genes is still relatively poorly understood. We previously showed that Scute and Atonal target genes have different E box motifs, suggesting that specific DNA interactions contribute to differences in their target gene specificity. Here we show that Scute and Atonal proteins (in combination with Daughterless) can activate reporter gene expression via their cognate E boxes in a non-neuronal cell culture system, suggesting that the proteins have strong intrinsic abilities to recognise different E box motifs in the absence of specialised cofactors. Functional comparison of E boxes from several target genes and site-directed mutagenesis of E box motifs suggests that specificity and activity require further sequence elements flanking both sides of the previously identified E box motifs. Moreover, the proneural cofactor, Senseless, can augment the function of Scute and Atonal on their cognate E boxes and therefore may contribute to proneural specificity

Three-Component Coupling Reactions of Silyl Glyoxylates, Vinyl Grignard Reagent, and Nitroalkenes: An Efficient, Highly Diastereoselective Approach to Nitrocyclopentanols

The sequential vinylation/[1,2]-Brook rearrangement/vinylogous Michael reaction provides (Z)-silyl enol ethers

When War Becomes Peace: Ruination and Transvaluation in the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Peace Memorial Parks

In postwar Japan, “peace” has become the memorial scaffolding that structures the collective national orientation towards the legacy of the Asia-Pacific War, in large part owing to the devastating bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Yet the atomic catastrophes endured by the two cities have become subsumed into what Anne McClintock terms the “administration of forgetting.” The traumas associated with the bombs have been construed in Japan as an experience of national victimhood and a moral lesson for humanity, in the process obfuscating histories of imperial terror that I argue are carried forward in significant formal continuities, transvalued in a discourse of peace. Peace, in this regard, becomes a mode for asserting a clean rupture and justifying political amnesia. Peace is the directive of the memorial landscapes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and peacemaking was the process by which ruination became the pretext for social, political, and urban reinvention. The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Peace Memorial Parks, both unveiled in 1955, manifest the ways in which dominant public discourses of peace-making and nuclear remembrance were actualized through the reconstruction of the post-atomic cities. The processes behind the making of the two parks and their approaches to remembering atomic violence trouble the perception that the memorials are shaped solely by the circumstances of the bomb and the postwar milieu of liberal democracy. These sites, I argue, are intimately informed by a constellation of transwar aspirations. wartime representational practices, bureaucratic tensions, as well as urban and regional histories that span beyond the moment of 1945. In its dual focus on the spatial narratives of Tange Kenzō’s plan for Hiroshima and the material and bodily politics of Kitamura Seibō’s Peace Statue in Nagasaki, this study also addresses the persistent marginalization of Nagasaki in the discourse of nuclear disaster. A close study of these two sites makes evident the need to take seriously the transmutation and transvaluation of representational modes across shifting regimes. The threat of historical forgetting emerges not only in the absences and forced silences, but also in the adoption of a passive gaze towards our extant memorial infrastructure.S.M