Indigenous Languages Programmes in Australian Schools - A Way Forward

Currently, over 16,000 Indigenous students and 13,000 non-Indigenous students located in 260 Australian schools are involved in an Indigenous language program. More than 80 different Indigenous languages are taught. This project sought to present practice which would strengthen the quality of Indigenous language programs in schools. The report consists of a literature review, a mapping exercise to document current practices relating to Indigenous languages in Australian schools, an analysis of existing models of teacher preparation, and six case studies of good practice examples

'Thrown Out Into the World': Transition to Post Schooling for Autistic Young People

Autistic Young People in Australia experience poorer employment outcomes upon transition out of school than their non-disabled peers. This can lead to significant disadvantages in terms of financial, social, physical and mental well being as they may not be able to experience the benefits of work. the transition from school to post-school has been identified as a period where Autistic young people do not receive adequate support and, regrettably, understanding how to improve support remains a gap in the research literature. The introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) changed the funding landscape for Autistic young people in terms of the supports they may be eligible to receive, leaving potential gaps in support at a critical time in an Autistic Young Person's life. This research was co-produced and adopted a qualitative methodology and aimed to understand the perspectives and experiences of key stakeholders (Autistic Young People, Parent/Carers, Educators and Disability Employment Service Providers) around the transition of Autistic young people from school to post-school education and employment options. Reflective Thematic Analysis was adopted to analyse transcribed interview data from 39 participants across the four stakeholder groups. Key Findings indicated the uniqueness of young autistic peoples' experiences and their desire to prove themselves as well as the importance of harnessing autistic strengths and interests and the need for early, collaborative transition planning. It calls attention to gaps in transition, including delayed planning, limited and inconsistent supports, siloed approaches to transition planning, strain on families and the impact of ongoing stigma and discrimination toward neurodivergent people. Recommendations are posed to optimise post school transition. This study contributes new knowledge to the evidence base surrounding the transition of Autistic Young People out of school. It highlights recommendations for research, policy, education, and practice to improve outcomes for Autistic Young People

Intermittent fasting interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults aged 18 years and over:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of intermittent energy restriction in the treatment for overweight and obesity in adults, when compared to usual care treatment or no treatment. Introduction: Intermittent energy restriction encompasses dietary approaches including intermittent fasting, alternate day fasting, and fasting for two days per week. Despite the recent popularity of intermittent energy restriction and associated weight loss claims, the supporting evidence base is limited. Inclusion criteria: This review included overweight or obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) adults (≥18 years). Intermittent energy restriction was defined as consumption of ≤800 kcal on at least one day, but no more than six days per week. Intermittent energy restriction interventions were compared to no treatment (ad libitum diet) or usual care (continuous energy restriction ∼25% of recommended energy intake). Included interventions had a minimum duration of 12 weeks from baseline to post outcome measurements. The types of studies included were randomized and pseudo-randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome of this review was change in body weight. Secondary outcomes included: i) anthropometric outcomes (change in BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, fat free mass); ii) cardio-metabolic outcomes (change in blood glucose and insulin, lipoprotein profiles and blood pressure); and iii) lifestyle outcomes: diet, physical activity, quality of life and adverse events. Methods: A systematic search was conducted from database inception to November 2015. The following electronic databases were searched: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN registry, and anzctr.org.au for English language published studies, protocols and trials. Two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality of included studies using the standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data were extracted from papers included in the review by two independent reviewers using the standardized data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for meta-analyses. Results: Six studies were included in this review. The intermittent energy restriction regimens varied across studies and included alternate day fasting, fasting for two days, and up to four days per week. The duration of studies ranged from three to 12 months. Four studies included continuous energy restriction as a comparator intervention and two studies included a no treatment control intervention. Meta-analyses showed that intermittent energy restriction was more effective than no treatment for weight loss (−4.14 kg; 95% CI −6.30 kg to −1.99 kg; p ≤ 0.001). Although both treatment interventions achieved similar changes in body weight (approximately 7 kg), the pooled estimate for studies that investigated the effect of intermittent energy restriction in comparison to continuous energy restriction revealed no significant difference in weight loss (−1.03 kg; 95% CI −2.46 kg to 0.40 kg; p = 0.156). Conclusions: Intermittent energy restriction may be an effective strategy for the treatment of overweight and obesity. Intermittent energy restriction was comparable to continuous energy restriction for short term weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Intermittent energy restriction was shown to be more effective than no treatment, however, this should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of studies and future research is warranted to confirm the findings of this review

Sexual selection protects against extinction

Reproduction through sex carries substantial costs, mainly because only half of sexual adults produce offspring. It has been theorised that these costs could be countered if sex allows sexual selection to clear the universal fitness constraint of mutation load. Under sexual selection, competition between (usually) males, and mate choice by (usually) females create important intraspecific filters for reproductive success, so that only a subset of males gains paternity. If reproductive success under sexual selection is dependent on individual condition, which depends on mutation load, then sexually selected filtering through ‘genic capture’ could offset the costs of sex because it provides genetic benefits to populations. Here, we test this theory experimentally by comparing whether populations with histories of strong versus weak sexual selection purge mutation load and resist extinction differently. After evolving replicate populations of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum for ~7 years under conditions that differed solely in the strengths of sexual selection, we revealed mutation load using inbreeding. Lineages from populations that had previously experienced strong sexual selection were resilient to extinction and maintained fitness under inbreeding, with some families continuing to survive after 20 generations of sib × sib mating. By contrast, lineages derived from populations that experienced weak or non-existent sexual selection showed rapid fitness declines under inbreeding, and all were extinct after generation 10. Multiple mutations across the genome with individually small effects can be difficult to clear, yet sum to a significant fitness load; our findings reveal that sexual selection reduces this load, improving population viability in the face of genetic stress

Diagnosis and management of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies: A cross‐sectional international survey

Objective: To identify current practices in the management of selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. Design: Cross‐sectional survey. Setting: International. Population: Clinicians involved in the management of MCDA twin pregnancies with sFGR. Methods: A structured, self‐administered survey. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical practices and attitudes to diagnostic criteria and management strategies. Results: Overall, 62.8% (113/180) of clinicians completed the survey; of which, 66.4% (75/113) of the respondents reported that they would use an estimated fetal weight (EFW) of 25% for the diagnosis of sFGR. For early‐onset type I sFGR, 79.8% (75/94) of respondents expressed that expectant management would be their routine practice. On the other hand, for early‐onset type II and type III sFGR, 19.3% (17/88) and 35.7% (30/84) of respondents would manage these pregnancies expectantly, whereas 71.6% (63/88) and 57.1% (48/84) would refer these pregnancies to a fetal intervention centre or would offer fetal intervention for type II and type III cases, respectively. Moreover, 39.0% (16/41) of the respondents would consider fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) for early‐onset type I sFGR, whereas 41.5% (17/41) would offer either FLS or selective feticide, and 12.2% (5/41) would exclusively offer selective feticide. For early‐onset type II and type III sFGR cases, 25.9% (21/81) and 31.4% (22/70) would exclusively offer FLS, respectively, whereas 33.3% (27/81) and 32.9% (23/70) would exclusively offer selective feticide. Conclusions: There is significant variation in clinician practices and attitudes towards the management of early‐onset sFGR in MCDA twin pregnancies, especially for type II and type III cases, highlighting the need for high‐level evidence to guide management

Alcohol Consumption Trajectory Patterns in Adult Women with HIV Infection

HIV-infected women with excessive alcohol consumption are at risk for adverse health outcomes, but little is known about their long-term drinking trajectories. This analysis included longitudinal data, obtained from 1996–2006, from 2791 women with HIV from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Among these women, the proportion in each of five distinct drinking trajectories was: continued heavy drinking (3%), reduction from heavy to non-heavy drinking (4%), increase from non-heavy to heavy drinking (8%), continued non-heavy drinking (36%), and continued non-drinking (49%). Depressive symptoms, other substance use (crack/cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco), co-infection with HCV, and heavy drinking prior to enrollment were associated with trajectories involving future heavy drinking. In conclusion, many women with HIV change their drinking patterns over time. Clinicians and those providing alcohol-related interventions might target those with depression, current use of tobacco or illicit drugs, HCV infection, or a previous history of drinking problems

A local human Vδ1 T cell population is associated with survival in nonsmall-cell lung cancer

Funding Information: D.B. has consulted for NanoString, reports honoraria from AstraZeneca and has a patent (PCT/GB2020/050221) issued on methods for cancer prognostication. J.R. and M.A.B. have consulted for Achilles Therapeutics. N.M. has stock options in and has consulted for Achilles Therapeutics. N.M. holds European patents relating to targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patient response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004) and predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221). A.H. attended one advisory board for Abbvie, Roche and GRAIL, and reports personal fees from Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck Serono, Merck/MSD, UCB and Roche for delivering general education/training in clinical trials. A.H. owned shares in Illumina and Thermo Fisher Scientific (sold in 2020) and receives fees for membership of Independent Data Monitoring Committees for Roche-sponsored clinical trials. S.A.Q. is co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Achilles Therapeutics. A.C.H. is a board member and equity holder in ImmunoQure, AG and Gamma Delta Therapeutics, and is an equity holder in Adaptate Biotherapeutics and chair of the scientific advisory board. C.S. acknowledges grant support from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Ventana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Archer Dx Inc (collaboration in minimal residual disease-sequencing technologies) and Ono Pharmaceuticals, is an AstraZeneca Advisory Board member and Chief Investigator for the MeRmaiD1 clinical trial. C.S has consulted for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, GRAIL, Illumina, Medixci, Metabomed, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana and Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S. has stock options in Apogen Biotechnologies, Epic Biosciences and GRAIL, and has stock options and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics. C.S. holds patents relating: to assay technology to detect tumor recurrence (PCT/GB2017/053289); to targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401), identifying patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471), determining HLA loss of heterozygosity (PCT/GB2018/052004), predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221); to treating cancer by targeting Insertion/deletion (indel) mutations (PCT/GB2018/051893); to identifying indel mutation targets (PCT/GB2018/051892); to methods for lung cancer detection (PCT/US2017/028013); and to identifying responders to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912). The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: We thank the Oxford Genomics Centre at the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant no. 203141/Z/16/Z) for the generation and initial processing of the RNA-seq data from sorted TILs. We thank S. Bola for technical support and S. Vanloo for administrative support. The GTEx project was supported by the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health, and by the NCI, NHGRI, NHLBI, NIDA, NIMH and NINDS. Y.W. was supported by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship (no. 220589/Z/20/Z), an Academy of Medical Sciences Starter Grant for Clinical Lecturers, a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical Lectureship and the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. D.B. was supported by funding from the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, the ideas 2 innovation translation scheme at the Francis Crick Institute, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF) and a Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Early Detection and Diagnosis Project award. M.J.H. is a CRUK Fellow and has received funding from CRUK, NIHR, Rosetrees Trust, UKI NETs and the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. C.S. is Royal Society Napier Research Professor. This work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute which receives its core funding from CRUK (no. FC001169), the UK Medical Research Council (no. FC001169) and the Wellcome Trust (no. FC001169). This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust (no. FC001169). For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. C.S. is funded by CRUK (TRACERx, PEACE and CRUK Cancer Immunotherapy Catalyst Network), CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence (no. C11496/A30025), the Rosetrees Trust, Butterfield and Stoneygate Trusts, NovoNordisk Foundation (ID16584), Royal Society Professorship Enhancement Award (no. RP/EA/180007), the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, the CRUK–University College London Centre, Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and the BCRF. This work was supported by a Stand Up To Cancer‐LUNGevity-American Lung Association Lung Cancer Interception Dream Team Translational Research Grant (grant no. SU2C-AACR-DT23-17 to S. M. Dubinett and A. E. Spira). Stand Up To Cancer is a division of the Entertainment Industry Foundation. Research grants are administered by the American Association for Cancer Research, the Scientific Partner of SU2C. C.S. receives funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (no. FP7/2007-2013) Consolidator Grant (no. FP7-THESEUS-617844), European Commission ITN (no. FP7-PloidyNet 607722), an ERC Advanced Grant (PROTEUS) from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant no. 835297), and Chromavision from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant no. 665233). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Personalised Care Interprofessional Education Framework (PerCIE): Social prescribing placement curriculum document and guiding principles for undergraduate/postgraduate health and social care students

This Personalised Care Interprofessional Education (PerCIE) Framework has been designed to guide and support HEIs, and PEFs to enable health and social care students to learn about strengths-based approaches to health and wellbeing delivered by services that provide a social prescribing offer. It has been co-created by a network of experts from a broad range of professional backgrounds from seven universities (HEIs), Private Independent and Voluntary Organisations (PIVO sector also known as Voluntary Community Social Enterprise VCSE), National Social Prescribing Network Special Interest Group (SigSpn), Health Education England (Greater Manchester) and the NHS England (NHSe) Personalised Care team. It is underpinned by contemporary practice-based theory and evidence of impact from a range of successful UK projects. The PerCIE Framework is designed to enable universities to work in partnership with VCSE/PIVO partners to create collaborative and inclusive test beds for social action. It can help to support the generation of new socially connected learning opportunities that could provide rich and meaningful insight into health and health inequalities, our BAME communities and marginalised groups. It builds on and recognises the power of community resilience through asset-based working

The Local Role in Homeland Security

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73848/1/j.1540-5893.2005.00236.x.pd