Contribution of factor structure change to China’s economic growth: evidence from the time-varying elastic production function model

The time-varying factor share runs through the entire process of the Chinese economic miracle, unlike the ‘Kaldor Facts’ in developed countries. Following the new structural economics theory, we construct a time-varying elastic production function model that characterises the structural changes of China’s economic element, and decompose the driving force of economic growth to measure the contribution of factor structure. We found that, from 1978–2017, the average contribution of capital, labour, technological progress, and factor structure change to the GDP was 67.01%, 10.38%, 23.08%, and 0.47%, respectively. The measurement results can aptly portray the impact of policy changes in China’s unique gradual reform process, such as the economic market reforms in 1992, the global financial crisis in 2008, and the policy changes of the new economic normal in 2014. Meanwhile, the results reveal that improving factor allocation can accelerate the total factor productivity and promote high-quality development of China’s economy

The level effect and volatility effect of uncertainty shocks in China

Previous studies have assumed that the volatility of exogenous shocks is constant, which can only measure the level effects of uncertain shocks. This article introduces the time-varying volatility model into a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (D.S.G.E.) model and uses the third-order perturbation method to identify and decompose the level and volatility effects of uncertainty shocks. Based on the results of empirical research in China, the effect of volatility shocks is different from that of level shocks: the effect of level shocks is direct and positive, and its impact is larger, while the effect of volatility shocks is indirect and negative, and its impact is smaller. This article also finds that the impact of uncertainty shocks will lead to economic stagnation, inflation, and the stagflation effect

Tunneling, Remanence, and Frustration in Dysprosium based Endohedral Single Molecule Magnets

A single molecule magnet (SMM) can maintain its magnetization direction over a long period of time [1,2]. It consists in a low number of atoms that facilitates the understanding and control of the ground state, which is essential in future applications such as high-density information storage or quantum computers [3,4]. Endohedral fullerenes realize robust, nanometer sized, and chemically protected magnetic clusters that are not found as free species in nature. Here we demonstrate how adding one, two, or three dysprosium atoms to the carbon cage results in three distinct magnetic ground states. The significantly different hysteresis curves demonstrate the decisive influence of the number of magnetic moments and their interactions. At zero field the comparison relates tunneling of the magnetization, with remanence, and frustration. The ground state of the tridysprosium species turns out to be one of the simplest realizations of a frustrated, ferromagnetically coupled magnetic system.Comment: 14 pages (latex file) + 3 seperate figures (jpeg

Mononuclear clusterfullerene single‐molecule magnet containing strained fused‐pentagons stabilized by a nearly linear metal cyanide cluster

Fused‐pentagons results in an increase of local steric strain according to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), and for all reported non‐IPR clusterfullerenes multiple (two or three) metals are required to stabilize the strained fused‐pentagons, making it difficult to access the single‐atom properties. Herein, we report the syntheses and isolations of novel non‐IPR mononuclear clusterfullerenes MNC@C76 (M=Tb, Y), in which one pair of strained fused‐pentagon is stabilized by a mononuclear cluster. The molecular structures of MNC@C76 (M=Tb, Y) were determined unambiguously by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, featuring a non‐IPR C2v(19138)‐C76 cage entrapping a nearly linear MNC cluster, which is remarkably different from the triangular MNC cluster within the reported analogous clusterfullerenes based on IPR‐obeying C82 cages. The TbNC@C76 molecule is found to be a field‐induced single‐molecule magnet (SMM)

Social Interaction Patterns of the Disabled People in Asymmetric Social Dilemmas

The social participation of the disabled people is unsatisfactory and low, one of the reasons often overlooked but of great importance may lie in the disparate patterns of social interaction between the disabled people and the abled people. The current study respectively recruited 41 and 80 disabled people in two experiments and adopted give-some games and public good dilemma to explore social interaction patterns between the disabled abled people. The results were as follows: (1) the disabled people preferred to interact with the disabled people and the abled people preferred to interact with the abled people. (2) The disabled abled people had higher cooperation, satisfaction and sense of justice when interacting with the disabled people than interacting with the abled people. (3) Advantage in the number of the disabled people could reverse their disadvantage in the identity. These results are of important practical value, which provides related theoretical support for the disabled people’s federation and communities when carrying out activities for the disabled people

Flexible decapyrrylcorannulene hosts

球形笼状的富勒烯是上个世纪末最重要的科学发现之一，但对富勒烯的精确几何结构的认识却困难重重，原因是单晶中球形分子的取向往往是无序的，需通过笼外衍生或通过八乙基金属卟啉-富勒烯超分子主客体组装来固定富勒烯的取向，然后利用常用的单晶衍射分析技术来精确表征富勒烯的几何结构。然而许多富勒烯新结构因无法与卟啉主体形成高质量的单晶至今仍无法利用X射线衍射技术进行结构分析，直接制约了对富勒烯形成机理及结构-性能关系的深入认识。功能团簇材料创新研究群体的谢素原、张前炎课题组另辟蹊径地从曲面结构的十氯碗烯C20Cl10出发，合成了十吡咯取代的碗烯分子C20(C4H4N)10。结构分析表明该分子的结构特征是碗烯的碳框架与十个吡咯基团通过单键相连。实验还证明，用甲基去取代吡咯3, 4-位置的氢并不利于富勒烯与碗烯衍生物形成有序的超分子组装体，理论研究进一步诠释了十个吡咯‘手指’的集体贡献比单个碗烯‘手掌’更大的原因。该研究工作是功能团簇材料创新研究群体长期积累，并由校内外十多位研究人员共同努力完成。徐云彦（2014级硕士生）、田寒蕊（2014级博士生）和李姝慧（2016年进站博士后）为该论文共同第一作者。【Abstract】The assembly of spherical fullerenes, or buckyballs, into single crystals for crystallographic identification often suffers from disordered arrangement. Here we show a chiral configuration of decapyrrylcorannulene that has a concave ‘palm’ of corannulene and ten flexible electron-rich pyrryl group ‘fingers’ to mimic the smart molecular ‘hands’ for self-adaptably cradling various buckyballs in a (+)hand-ball-hand(−) mode. As exemplified by crystallographic identification of 15 buckyball structures representing pristine, exohedral, endohedral, dimeric and hetero-derivatization, the pyrryl groups twist with varying dihedral angles to adjust the interaction between decapyrrylcorannulene and fullerene. The self-adaptable electron-rich pyrryl groups, susceptible to methylation, are theoretically revealed to contribute more than the bowl-shaped palm of the corannulene in holding buckyball structures. The generality of the present decapyrrylcorannulene host with flexible pyrryl groups facilitates the visualization of numerous unknown/unsolved fullerenes by crystallography and the assembly of the otherwise close-packed spherical fullerenes into two-dimensional layered structures by intercalation.This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21771152, 21721001, 21827801, 51572231, 51572254, 21571151, 2170010228), the 973 Program of China (2014CB845601 and 2015CB932301), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M602067), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0402800), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni- versities (20720170028, 20720160084). Q.Y.Z. is particularly grateful to 21771152, 2015CB932301, 20720170028, 20720160084; S.F.Y. is particularly grateful to 51572254 and 2017YFA0402800; S.Y.X. is particularly grateful to 21721001 and 51572231; L.S.Z. is particularly grateful to 21827801; S.L.D. is particularly grateful to 21571151; S.H.L. is particularly grateful to 2170010228 and 2016M602067. 研究工作得到国家自然科学基金（21771152、21721001、21827801、51572231、51572254, 21571151、2170010228）、科技部973计划（2014CB845601、2015CB932301）和重点研发计划（2017YFA0402800）、国家博士后科学基金、中央高校基本科研业务费等的资助

Capturing the Long-Sought Small-Bandgap Endohedral Fullerene Sc3N@C-82 with Low Kinetic Stability

通讯作者地址: Yang, SFThe long-sought small-bandgap endohedral fullerene Sc3N@C-82 with low kinetic stability has been successfully synthesized and isolated for the first time, for which the molecular structure has been unambiguously determined as Sc3N@C-82-C-2v(39718) by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The C-82-C-2v(39718) (or labeled as C-82-C-2v(9) according to the conventional numbering of the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers based on the Fowler-Monolopoulos spiral algorithm) isomeric cage of Sc3N@C-82 agrees well with its most stable isomer previously predicted by DFT computations and is dramatically different to those of the reported counterparts M3N@C-82-Cs(39663) (M = Gd, Y) based on a non-IPR C-82 isomer, revealing the strong dependence of the cage isomeric structure on the size of the encaged metal for C-82-based metal nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs).National Natural Science Foundation of China 21132007 2137116 U1205111 National Basic Research Program of China 2011CB921400 973 project 2014CB84560

High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrande fuel cells (PEMFC) - A review

One possible solution of combating issues posed by climate change is the use of the High Temperature (HT) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) in some applications. The typical HT-PEMFC operating temperatures are in the range of 100e200 o C which allows for co-generation of heat and power, high tolerance to fuel impurities and simpler system design. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC, ranging from cell materials to stack and stack testing. Only acid doped PBI membranes meet the US DOE (Department of Energy) targets for high temperature membranes operating under no humidification on both anode and cathode sides (barring the durability). This eliminates the stringent requirement for humidity however, they have many potential drawbacks including increased degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material determines the other fuel cell component material composition, for example when using an acid doped system, the flow field plate material must be carefully selected to take into account the advanced degradation. Novel research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components in order to ensure that they meet stringent durability requirements for mobile applications.Web of Scienc