La investigación hidrogeomorfológica en cuencas experimentales de montaña media en el Pirineo Central (1996-2014)

10 páginasPeer reviewe

Análisis de la variabilidad temporal de la infiltración en un gradiente de degradación de usos del suelo en el Pirineo central

20 págs, 4 figs, 5 tablas[ES] Se analiza
 la 
capacidad
 de
 infiltración
 con
 respecto
 a
 las
 condiciones
 físicas
 superficiales
(humedad
 y
 resistencia
 mecánica)
de
 suelos
 en
 el 
Pirineo 
Central,
considerando tres
 escenarios:
bosque
 natural,
campos abandonados
 y
 cárcavas.
El
 estudio
 se
 ha
 realizado
 en
 tres
 cuencas
 experimentales
(San
 Salvador, 
Arnás
 y Araguás)
situadas 
en 
un 
contexto 
geográfico,
 geológico
 y 
climático
 similar.
La
 información
 se
 ha
 obtenido mediante 
ensayos
 con
 un
 infiltrómetro 
de
 doble
 anillo 
entre
 otoño
 de
 2008
 y
 verano
 de 
2009.
 Los 
resultados
 sugieren 
cierto
 efecto
 de
 las 
condiciones
 físicas
 previas 
sobre
 la capacidad 
de
 infiltración.
Sin 
embargo,
el
 uso
 del
 suelo
 y 
la orientación
 de
 las
 laderas
(N‐S) se 
han
 revelado
 los factores más
 determinantes. Esto
 se
 relaciona
 con
 la
 variabilidad
 estacional del 
estado 
físico
 antecedente
 y
 su
 dinámica
 durante
 los
 ensayos.
 Las 
diferencias 
de la
 infiltración
 asociada
 a
 la 
orientación
 de
 las
 laderas
 incluso
 pueden
 superar
 a
 las observadas 
entre
 usos
 del
 suelo.[EN] The
 infiltration
 capacity
 has
 been
 analysed
 related 
to
 the
 variation 
of
 surface
 physical
 conditions
(moisture and 
mechanical
r esistance)
of 
soils
 from
 the
 Central
 Spanish
 Pyrenees,
taking 
into
 account
 the
 most
 representative
 situations
 of
 land
 uses
 and
 vegetal
 covers.
The
 study
 was
 carried 
out
 in
 three
 experimental catchments,
each
 representative
 of
 different
 environments
 in
 terms
 of
 soil
 use
 and
 vegetation
 cover: forested
(San
 Salvador),
field
 abandonment
 (Arnás)
and
 badlands
(Araguás).
The
 three
 catchment s
are 
located
 near by
 and 
have
 similar
 geologica l
and
 climatic
 conditions.
 The
 study
 was
 done
 through
 experimental infiltration
s et s
using
 a
 big
 double
ring
 instrument
(50
 cm 
water
 column
 height.
 Experiments 
were
 performed
 from
 autumn
 2008 
to
summer
 2009.
The
 infiltration
 process
 was
 analysed 
on 
six
 land
 uses 
situations:
bare regolith,
grass
c overed
 regolith,
north‐facing
 slope 
in
 forested 
soil,
south‐facing
 slope
in
 forested soil,
north‐facing
 slope
 in
 meadow
 soil 
and
south‐facing
 slope
 in 
pasture
 soil.
 Before and
after
 each
 experiment
 soil
 was
 sampled
 in
 order
 to 
estimate 
moisture 
content 
(0‐1,
0‐5
 and
 5‐10
 cm
 depth)
and 
surface mechanical
 resistance
 was
 measured
 with
 the
 help
 of
 a
 pocket 
penetrometer,
providing
 an 
idea
a bout 
previous 
conditions
 and 
its
 variation.
 The
 results
 suggest
 a
 certain
 effect 
of 
moisture 
conditions 
on
 infiltration capacity. 
However,
 soil
 use
 and 
slope
 exposition
(North 
and
 South)
seem
 to 
be
 the
 most
 determinant
 factors.
This 
is
 related
 to
 the
 seasonal 
variability
 of antecedent
 soil
 conditions
 and 
its 
dynamics
 during
 the
experiments.
 The
 differences 
on
 infiltration
 capacity
 associated
 with
 slope
e xposition
 can 
be
 higher 
than those
 observed
 between
 land
 uses.Este
 estudio
 se 
ha financiado 
mediante
 fondos
del
 proyecto 
CETSUS
 (CGL2007‐66644‐C04‐01/HID)
del
 Plan Nacional 
I+D+I
 2004‐207
(Ministerio
 de
 Ciencia
e
 Innovación).
El
 mantenimiento
 y
 parte
 de
 la
monitorización de
 las 
cuencas
 experimentales
 se
 ha
 logrado 
a
partir
 de la
 financiación
 proporcionada
 por
 el
 convenio
RESEL (Ministerio
 del
 Medio
Ambiente‐CSIC). E.
Nadal‐Romero y 
N.
Lana‐Renault 
contaron
 durante 
2009
 y
 2010
con
 un contrato postdoctoral
 del
 Ministerio
 de
Ciencia 
e 
Innovación,
mediante
 el
 Programa
Nacional
 de
 Movilidad
 de Recursos
 Humanos
 del
 Plan
 nacional
 de
 I‐D+I
 2008‐2011 
y
 en
 la
actualidad
 están
 contratadas
 gracias
 al
 programa
 Postdoctoral
 Juan
 de
 la
 Cierva
 (Ministerio
 de Ciencia 
e
 Innovación).Peer reviewe

Seasonal differences in runoff between forested and non-forested catchments: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees

[EN] The hydrological response of two neighbouring catchments in the central Spanish Pyrenees with similar lithology and topography but different land use was compared. One catchment (2.84 km 2 ) was extensively cultivated in the past, and the other (0.92 km 2 ) is covered by dense natural forest. Differences in runoff were strongly related to catchment wetness conditions and showed a marked seasonality: under dry conditions runoff tended to be greater in the former agricultural catchment, whereas under wet conditions it tended to be greater in the forested catchment. One explanation for this switching behaviour could be an increase in the hydrological connectivity within the slopes of the forested catchment as it becomes wetter, which favours the release of large amounts of subsurface flow. Differences in land use (vegetation and soil properties) dictate the contrasting dominant runoff generation processes operating in each catchment, and consequently the differences between their hydrological responses. Key words water yield; seasonal controls; hydrograph characteristics; forestSupport for this research was provided by the following projects: PROBASE (CGL2006-11619/HID), RespHiMed (CGL2010-18374) and MONTES (CSD2008-00040), financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology; ACQWA (FP7-ENV-2007-1), financed by the European Commission; and PI032/08, financed by the Aragón Regional Government. The authors also acknowledge support from RESEL (the Spanish Ministry of the Environment). N. Lana-Renault was the recipient of a research contract (Juan de la Cierva programme) and J. Latron the recipient of a research contract (Ramón y Cajal programme), both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Innovation.Peer Reviewe

Compatison of S-SI, A-SI and CDTE technologies wording at the same conditions, after the first year of electricity production

Grid connected solar plants are a good opportunity for their use for research as a secondary objective. In countries were feed-in tariffs are still active, it is possible to include in the design of the solar plant elements for its use for research. In the case of the solar plant presented here both objectives are covered. The solar plant of this work is formed by PV modules of three different technologies: Multicrystalline, amorphous and CdTe. In one part of the solar plant, the three technologies are working at the same conditions, not only ambient conditions but also similar voltage and current input to the inverters. Both the commercial and the experimental parts of the solar plant have their own independent inverters with their meters but are finally connected to the same meter to inject. In this work we analyse the results for the first year of operation of the experimental solar plant. Productions of three different technologies in exactly the same conditions are compared and presented. According to the results, all the three technologies have conversion efficiencies dropping when the temperature increases. Amorphous module experiences the lesser reduction, whereas the multicrystalline module suffers the most

Born too early and too small: higher order cognitive function and brain at risk at ages 8–16

Prematurity presents a risk for higher order cognitive functions. Some of these deficits manifest later in development, when these functions are expected to mature. However, the causes and consequences of prematurity are still unclear. We conducted a longitudinal study to first identify clinical predictors of ultrasound brain abnormalities in 196 children born very preterm (VP; gestational age 32 weeks) and with very low birth weight (VLBW; birth weight 1500 g). At ages 8–16, the subset of VP-VLBW children without neurological findings (124) were invited for a neuropsychological assessment and an MRI scan (41 accepted). Of these, 29 met a rigorous criterion for MRI quality and an age, and gender-matched control group (n = 14) was included in this study. The key findings in the VP-VLBW neonates were: (a) 37% of the VP-VLBW neonates had ultrasound brain abnormalities; (b) gestational age and birth weight collectively with hospital course (i.e., days in hospital, neonatal intensive care, mechanical ventilation and with oxygen therapy, surgeries, and retinopathy of prematurity) predicted ultrasound brain abnormalities. At ages 8–16, VP-VLBW children showed: a) lower intelligent quotient (IQ) and executive function; b) decreased gray and white matter (WM) integrity; (c) IQ correlated negatively with cortical thickness in higher order processing cortical areas. In conclusion, our data indicate that facets of executive function and IQ are the most affected in VP-VLBW children likely due to altered higher order cortical areas and underlying WMThis study was supported by the Spanish Government Institute Carlos III (FIS Pl11/02860), Spanish Ministry of Health to MM-L, and the University of Castilla-La Mancha mobility Grant VA1381500149

Una especie nueva de avispa gallícola para México: Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)

Se describe una nueva especie de cinípido gallícola de México, Andricus sphaericus Pujade-Villar n. sp., solo conocida por su forma sexual. Induce agallas en las hojas de Quercus rugosa Née. Representa la segunda colecta de una generación sexual del género Andricus para México. Se proporcionan datos referidos a la diagnosis, distribución y biología de esta nueva especie

Cyclic multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry and machine learning reveal distinct states of astrocytes and microglia in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease

Background Astrocytes and microglia react to Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. Single-nuclei and single-cell RNA-seq have revealed multiple states or subpopulations of these glial cells but lack spatial information. We have developed a methodology of cyclic multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry on human postmortem brains and image analysis that enables a comprehensive morphological quantitative characterization of astrocytes and microglia in the context of their spatial relationships with plaques and tangles. Methods Single FFPE sections from the temporal association cortex of control and AD subjects were subjected to 8 cycles of multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry, including 7 astroglial, 6 microglial, 1 neuronal, Aβ, and phospho-tau markers. Our analysis pipeline consisted of: (1) image alignment across cycles; (2) background subtraction; (3) manual annotation of 5172 ALDH1L1+ astrocytic and 6226 IBA1+ microglial profiles; (4) local thresholding and segmentation of profiles; (5) machine learning on marker intensity data; and (6) deep learning on image features. Results Spectral clustering identified three phenotypes of astrocytes and microglia, which we termed “homeostatic,” “intermediate,” and “reactive.” Reactive and, to a lesser extent, intermediate astrocytes and microglia were closely associated with AD pathology (≤ 50 µm). Compared to homeostatic, reactive astrocytes contained substantially higher GFAP and YKL-40, modestly elevated vimentin and TSPO as well as EAAT1, and reduced GS. Intermediate astrocytes had markedly increased EAAT2, moderately increased GS, and intermediate GFAP and YKL-40 levels. Relative to homeostatic, reactive microglia showed increased expression of all markers (CD68, ferritin, MHC2, TMEM119, TSPO), whereas intermediate microglia exhibited increased ferritin and TMEM119 as well as intermediate CD68 levels. Machine learning models applied on either high-plex signal intensity data (gradient boosting machines) or directly on image features (convolutional neural networks) accurately discriminated control vs. AD diagnoses at the single-cell level. Conclusions Cyclic multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry combined with machine learning models holds promise to advance our understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of glial responses as well as inform transcriptomics studies. Three distinct phenotypes emerged with our combination of markers, thus expanding the classic binary “homeostatic vs. reactive” classification to a third state, which could represent “transitional” or “resilient” glia.España Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities FPU fellowship to CM-CMassachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center grant P30AG062421 to BTH, and 1R56AG061196 to BTHAlzheimer’s Association (AACF17-524184 and AACF-17-524184-RAPID to AS-P

Programmed cell senescence during mammalian embryonic development

Cellular senescence disables proliferation in damaged cells, and it is relevant for cancer and aging. Here, we show that senescence occurs during mammalian embryonic development at multiple locations, including the mesonephros and the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear, which we have analyzed in detail. Mechanistically, senescence in both structures is strictly dependent on p21, but independent of DNA damage, p53, or other cell-cycle inhibitors, and it is regulated by the TGF-beta/SMAD and PI3K/FOXO pathways. Developmentally programmed senescence is followed by macrophage infiltration, clearance of senescent cells, and tissue remodeling. Loss of senescence due to the absence of p21 is partially compensated by apoptosis but still results in detectable developmental abnormalities. Importantly, the mesonephros and endolymphatic sac of human embryos also show evidence of senescence. We conclude that the role of developmentally programmed senescence is to promote tissue remodeling and propose that this is the evolutionary origin of damage-induced senescence