Feeding high inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, nutrient digestibility, liver and intestine histology and muscle fatty acid composition

The effect of dietary inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) on growth performance, histology, muscle fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility was investigated in an 11-week growth and a 4-week digestibility trial with rainbow trout (initial body weight of 54.0 ± 6.2 and 181.9 ± 3.4g respectively). Four experimental extruded diets were formulated to contain 0%, 30%, 40% and 50% of whole grain lupin and fed to triplicate groups of fish twice a day until apparent satiation. Faeces were collected daily from each digestibility tank by decantation. No significant trends were observed with respect to growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients or whole-body composition (P>0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary lupin led to significant decreases in the Hepatosomatic index (R2=0.75, P<0.05) and slight lipid infiltration into hepatocytes and enterocytes. Muscle fatty acid compositions were slightly affected by the dietary treatment. Polynomial regression of dietary inclusion of lupin and muscle fatty acid concentrations showed an increase in C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in C20:5n-3 with increasing dietary lupin level. These results demonstrated that whole grain lupin can be included up to 50% in commercial rainbow trout diets without negative effects. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Incorporation of whole lupin, Lupinus albus, seed meal in commercial extruded diets for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and muscle fatty acid composition

Whole lupin seed meal was evaluated as partial replacement for fishmeal in extruded diets for rainbow trout, with particular emphasis on the effect on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and energy. Effect on muscle fatty acid composition was also evaluated. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to contain approximately 45% crude protein and 5.5 kcal energy g/diet. Diets were formulated to include whole lupin seed meal at 0, 10, 15, and 20%. Triplicate groups of fish weighing 65.9 ± 15.1 g on average were fed twice a day until apparent satiation during 12 wk. Growth, feed intake, hepatosomatic index, hepatic histology, proximate composition of whole body, and muscular fatty acid profile were determined. Growth and feed utilization were similar in all treatments and whole-body composition did not vary among treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series remained constant in muscle as the amount of lupin in diets increased. Furthermore, the ADCs were similar among all diets. These results suggest that inclusion of whole lupin seed meal up to 20% in extruded diets for rainbow trout do not have any negative effect on growth, feed performance, or flesh quality. © Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society 201

Lipid and fatty acid composition during embryo and larval development of puye Galaxias maculatus Jenyns, 1842, obtained from estuarine, freshwater and cultured populations

Galaxias maculatus eggs and larvae obtained from broodfish captured either in an estuarine or a freshwater environment, as well as from cultured broodstock were analysed to compare their lipid and fatty acid profiles. Results showed a lower lipid content in embryos and larvae from estuarine populations than those from fresh water, denoting the influence of environmental conditions. The n-3:n-6 ratio was higher in eggs from estuarine and cultured populations, being in the range of marine fishes, whereas for eggs from freshwater fish was lower and typical of freshwater fishes. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), were higher in eggs and larvae of broodstock coming from culture or estuarine environments than in those from fresh water. Moreover, these fatty acids markedly increased after hatching in larvae coming from estuarine populations, suggesting the effect of the environment on fatty acid profiles to physiologically prepare the larvae to adapt to higher salinity conditions. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) content was higher in fresh water fish and its reduction during embryo and larval development was accompanied by a significant increase of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), which was not observed in embryos or larvae from broodstock fish from estuary or aquaculture origin. Both environment and diet of broodstock fish affected lipid and fatty acid composition of G. maculatus embryo and larvae as well as their changes during development

Responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to increasing dietary doses of lupinine, the main quinolizidine alkaloid found in yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus)

This experiment investigated the effect of increasing dietary doses of lupinine, the main quinolizidine alkaloid in Lupinus luteus, on feed intake, growth performance, tissue histology and nutritional composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Duplicate groups of rainbow trout (initial body weight of 330g) were fed extruded fish meal based diets containing 0, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 5000mg lupininekg-1 for 60days. Feed intake and growth were reduced in response to dietary lupinine, best fit by quadratic regression. Based on these results, the practical tolerance level of lupinine, with regard to growth and feed intake, was ≤100mgkg-1 feed. Carcass composition did not vary among treatments. Despite a depletion of glycogen and lipid stores in the hepatocytes, lupinine did not induce any morphological changes in spleen, kidney, heart or intestinal tissues.These results indicate that the lupinine possesses a strong anti-palatability effect, but does not appear to pose short-term health risks for rainbow trout. © 2011 Elsevier B.V

Histology and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to increasing dietary concentration of sparteine, a common alkaloid in lupins

This study evaluated the effects of sparteine, a lupin alkaloid, on growth and organ histology in rainbow trout. Eight diets with increasing concentrations of sparteine (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000mgkg-1) were fed to triplicate groups of 61-g fish for 62days. Survival was not affected by the dietary treatments. Weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and feed intake decreased in a quadratic manner for sparteine levels above 100mgkg-1. No effects were observed at inclusion levels ≤100mgkg-1. Whole-body lipid and dry matter was depleted in a quadratic manner, while protein and ash were not affected. No tissue alteration attributable to sparteine alkaloid intake was found in liver, kidney, spleen or mid and distal intestines. At sparteine levels above 1000mgkg-1 of diet, the weight of the intestines and the liver relative to body weight decreased, whereas the weight of the spleen increased. These effects were likely associated with low feed intake and starvation. These results indicate that dietary sparteine alkaloid primarily reduced palatability, but did not impair the health of the fish. The level of sparteine should be kept below 100mgkg-1 in trout diets to ensure rapid growth. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Glial contribution to excitatory and inhibitory synapse loss in neurodegeneration

Synapse loss is an early feature shared by many neurodegenerative diseases, and it represents the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Recent studies reveal that microglia and astrocytes play a major role in synapse elimination, contributing to network dysfunction associated with neurodegeneration. Excitatory and inhibitory activity can be affected by glia-mediated synapse loss, resulting in imbalanced synaptic transmission and subsequent synaptic dysfunction. Here, we review the recent literature on the contribution of glia to excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, in the context of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathological synapse loss will be instrumental to design targeted therapeutic interventions, taking in account the emerging roles of microglia and astrocytes in synapse remodeling

Incorporation of Whole Lupin, Lupinus albus, Seed Meal in Commercial Extruded Diets for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition

Whole lupin seed meal was evaluated as partial replacement for fishmeal in extruded diets for rainbow trout, with particular emphasis on the effect on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and energy. Effect on muscle fatty acid composition was also evaluated. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to contain approximately 45% crude protein and 5.5 kcal energy g/diet. Diets were formulated to include whole lupin seed meal at 0, 10, 15, and 20%. Triplicate groups of fish weighing 65.9 +/- 15.1 g on average were fed twice a day until apparent satiation during 12 wk. Growth, feed intake, hepatosomatic index, hepatic histology, proximate composition of whole body, and muscular fatty acid profile were determined. Growth and feed utilization were similar in all treatments and whole-body composition did not vary among treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series remained constant in muscle as the amount of lupin in diets increased. Furthermore, the ADCs were similar among all diets. These results suggest that inclusion of whole lupin seed meal up to 20% in extruded diets for rainbow trout do not have any negative effect on growth, feed performance, or flesh quality

Feeding high inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth, nutrient digestibility, liver and intestine histology and muscle fatty acid composition

The effect of dietary inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) on growth performance, histology, muscle fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility was investigated in an 11-week growth and a 4-week digestibility trial with rainbow trout (initial body weight of 54.0 +/- 6.2 and 181.9 +/- 3.4 g respectively). Four experimental extruded diets were formulated to contain 0%, 30%, 40% and 50% of whole grain lupin and fed to triplicate groups of fish twice a day until apparent satiation. Faeces were collected daily from each digestibility tank by decantation. No significant trends were observed with respect to growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients or whole-body composition (P > 0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary lupin led to significant decreases in the Hepatosomatic index (R-2 = 0.75, P < 0.05) and slight lipid infiltration into hepatocytes and enterocytes. Muscle fatty acid compositions were slightly affected by the dietary treatment. Polynomial regression of dietary inclusion of lupin and muscle fatty acid concentrations showed an increase in C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in C20:5n-3 with increasing dietary lupin level. These results demonstrated that whole grain lupin can be included up to 50% in commercial rainbow trout diets without negative effects

Histology and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to increasing dietary concentration of sparteine, a common alkaloid in lupins

This study evaluated the effects of sparteine, a lupin alkaloid, on growth and organ histology in rainbow trout. Eight diets with increasing concentrations of sparteine (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 mg kg-1) were fed to triplicate groups of 61-g fish for 62 days. Survival was not affected by the dietary treatments. Weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and feed intake decreased in a quadratic manner for sparteine levels above 100 mg kg-1. No effects were observed at inclusion levels =100 mg kg-1. Whole-body lipid and dry matter was depleted in a quadratic manner, while protein and ash were not affected. No tissue alteration attributable to sparteine alkaloid intake was found in liver, kidney, spleen or mid and distal intestines. At sparteine levels above 1000 mg kg-1 of diet, the weight of the intestines and the liver relative to body weight decreased, whereas the weight of the spleen increased. These effects were likely associated with low feed intake and starvation. These results indicate that dietary sparteine alkaloid primarily reduced palatability, but did not impair the health of the fish. The level of sparteine should be kept below 100 mg kg-1 in trout diets to ensure rapid growth