Postbiotics of Naturally Fermented Synbiotic Mixture of Rice Water Aids in Promoting Colonocyte Health

The eubiotic state of the gut microbiota is primarily brought about by various probiotic species that colonize the gut. It is becoming very clear that the probiotic-metabolite mixtures in the gut luminal milieu is central in establishing cross-kingdom signalling networks to maintain gut-multi-organ axes health. Culturally, different fermented foods and beverages have been regional staples since ancient times, and are known to be enriched with probiotics. However, regional variations including the environment, the staple food source (prebiotics), and fermentation methods, among other factors, influence the fermenting probiotic species. Fermented rice water (FRW), an economical, easy to make, simple beverage is a rich source of synbiotics. Therefore, consumption of fermented rice water allows for the intake of a variety of region-specific live probiotics. The secondary metabolites (postbiotics) present in such symbiotic mixtures may also contribute toward maintaining normal intestinal cellular functions. In this study, we highlight that regional staples such as rice consumed in their fermented form may hold promise in alleviating gut-related diseases. Our results show that simple overnight fermentation of cooked edible rice enables the growth of probiotic bacterial species belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria group (Leuconostoc lactis, Weisella confusa, Weisella cibacria, Lactococcus lactis, lactococcus taiwanensis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus nagelii, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. indicus). Metabolomic analysis of the overnight fermented and over two-nights fermented rice water identified more than 200 postbiotic metabolites. Our results show that postbiotics contributing to energy metabolism, gut-multiorgan axes, and microbial paraprobiotics are enriched in the overnight (~10 h) fermented rice water as compared to the over two-nights fermented rice water. Functional analysis via gene expression studies for nutrient absorption (mct-1 and mct-2) and barrier integrity (occludin and zo-1) reveals significant upregulation of these genes upon FRW treatment of HT29 colon cells. This study is a first-of-its-kind to demonstrate the proof-of-principle that postbiotics of naturally fermented rice water positively modulates colonocyte health

Intrinsic and specific vulnerability of groundwater in central Spain: the risk of nitrate pollution

18 páginas, 8 figuras y 10 tablas.[EN]The intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater in the Comunidad de Madrid (central Spain) was evaluated using the DRASTIC and GOD indexes. Groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution was also assessed using the composite DRASTIC (CD) and nitrate vulnerability (NV) indexes. The utility of these methods was tested by analyzing the spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in the different aquifers located in the study area: the Tertiary Detrital Aquifer, the Moor Limestone Aquifer, the Cretaceous Limestone Aquifer and the Quaternary Aquifer. Vulnerability maps based on these four indexes showed very similar results, identifying the Quaternary Aquifer and the lower sub-unit of the Moor Limestone Aquifer as deposits subjected to a high risk of nitrate pollution due to intensive agriculture. As far as the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate concentrations is concerned, the NV index showed the greatest statistical significance (p < 0.01). This new type of multiplicative model offers greater accuracy in estimations of specific vulnerability with respect to the real impact of each type of land use. The results of this study provide a basis on which to guide the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones in the Comunidad de Madrid, in line with European Union Directive 91/676/EEC.[ES] Se evaluó la vulnerabilidad intrínseca de las aguas subterráneas en la Comunidad de Madrid (España central) usando los índices DRASTIC y GOD. La vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas a la contaminación por nitratos fue también evaluada usando el DRASTIC compuesto (CD) y el índice de vulnerabilidad de nitratos (NV). Se testeó la utilidad de estos métodos mediante el análisis de la distribución espacial de las concentraciones de nitrato en diferentes acuíferos situados en el área de estudio: el acuífero detrítico del Terciario, el acuífero de las calizas del Páramo el acuífero de la calizas del Cretácico y el acuífero Cuaternario. Los mapas de vulnerabilidad basados en estos cuatro índices mostraron valores muy similares, identificándose al acuífero cuaternario y a la subunidad inferior de las calizas del Páramo como los depósitos sometidos a un alto riesgo a la contaminación de nitratos debido a la agricultura intensiva. En cuanto a la distribución espacial de las concentraciones de nitrato en las aguas subterráneas, el índice NV mostró la mayor significación estadística (p < 0.01). Este nuevo tipo de modelo multiplicativo ofrece una mayor precisión en estimaciones de la vulnerabilidad específica con respecto al impacto real de cada tipo de uso de la tierra. Los resultados de este estudio ofrecen una base sobre la que se guía la designación de Zonas Vulnerables de Nitratos en la Comunidad de Madrid, en línea con la Directiva 91/676/EEC de la Unión Europea.[PO] A vulnerabilidade intrínseca das águas subterrâneas na Comunidade de Madrid (centro de Espanha) foi avaliada utilizando os índices DRASTIC e GOD. A vulnerabilidade das águas subterrâneas à poluição por nitratos também foi avaliada utilizando os índices composite DRASTIC (CD) e nitrate vulnerability (NV). Aferiu-se a utilidade destes métodos através da análise da distribuição espacial das concentrações de nitratos nos diferentes aquíferos localizados na área de estudo: o Aquífero Detrítico Terciário, o Aquífero Calcário Mouro, o Aquífero Calcário Cretácico e o Aquífero Quaternário. Os mapas de vulnerabilidade baseados nos quatro índices apresentaram resultados muito semelhantes, e identificaram o Aquífero Quaternário e a sub-unidade inferior do Aquífero Calcário Mouro como depósitos sujeitos a um elevado risco de poluição por nitratos, devido à agricultura intensiva. No que diz respeito à distribuição espacial das concentrações de nitratos nas águas subterrâneas, o índice NV apresentou a maior significância estatística (p  < 0.01). Este novo tipo de modelo multiplicativo oferece maior precisão nas estimativas da vulnerabilidade específica quanto ao verdadeiro impacte de cada tipo de uso do solo. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem uma base para orientar a designação de Zonas Vulneráveis aos Nitratos na Comunidade de Madrid, em conformidade com a Directiva 91/676/CEE da União Europeia.[FR] La vulnérabilité intrinsèque de l’aquifère de la Communauté autonome de Madrid (Comunidad, Espagne centrale) a été évaluée en utilisant les indices DRASTIC et GOD. La vulnérabilité de la nappe à la pollution par les nitrates a été également évaluée en utilisant les indices DRASTIC composite (CD) et nitrate vulnerability (NV). L’utilité des ces méthodes a été testée en analysant la distribution spatiale des concentrations en nitrates dans les différents aquifères localisés dans la zone d’étude: l’aquifère du détritique tertiaire, l’aquifère du calcaire de Moor, l’aquifère du calcaire crétacé et l’aquifère quaternaire. Les cartes de vulnérabilité basées sur ces quatre indices montrent des résultats très similaires, désignant l’aquifère quaternaire et la sous-unité inférieure de l’aquifère du calcaire de Moor comme formations sujettes à un risque élevé de pollution nitratée due à une agriculture intensive. En ce qui concerne la distribution des nitrates dans la nappe, l’indice NV montre la meilleure fiabilité statistique (p < 0.01). Ce nouveau type de modèle multiplicatif présente une plus grande précision dans l’estimation de la vulnérabilité spécifique en rapport avec l’impact réel de chaque type d’utilisation du sol. Les résultats de cette étude fournissent une base de délimitation des Zones Vulnérables aux Nitrates dans la Communauté autonome de Madrid, selon la Directive européenne 91/676/EEC.[CH] 用DRASTIC和GOD指标对马德里地区 (西班牙中部) 地下水进行了内在脆弱性评价,并用综合DRASTIC (CD) 和硝酸盐脆弱性(NV)指标评价了地下水对硝酸盐污染的脆弱性。通过分析研究区内不同含水层硝酸盐组分的空间分布检验了这些方法的有效性:第三纪碎屑含水层、摩尔 (Moor) 石灰岩含水层、白垩纪石灰岩含水层和第四纪含水层。基于这四个指标绘制的脆弱性地图显示出非常相似的结果,确定第四纪含水层和摩尔石灰岩含水层的较低部分的沉积层面临着由集约化农业带来的高硝酸盐污染风险。至于地下水硝酸盐含量的空间分布而言,NV指标的统计显著性最强 (p < 0.01)。在评价涉及各种土地利用方式实际影响的特殊脆弱性时,这种新型的乘法模型提供了更高的精确度。本研究为根据欧盟官方91/676/EEC标准在马德里地区划定硝酸盐脆弱性区域提供了依据。This research was funded by the Comunidad de Madrid and the European Social Fund (GR/AMB/0745/2004). The Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo and Instituto Geológico y Minero provided hydrogeological data relating to piezometric and quality sampling of the groundwater networks in the study area.Peer reviewe