Construcción de la hombría en un grupo de jóvenes residentes de Lima Metropolitana: un estudio comparativo

La presente investigación titulada, Construcción de la hombría en un grupo de jóvenes residentes de Lima metropolitana es un estudio comparativo, tiene como objetivo general comprender la construcción de la hombría en jóvenes de las generaciones millennials y centennials en Lima Metropolitana. La metodología empleada, es de enfoque cualitativo, diseño flexible narrativo-etnográfico; teniendo como población objetiva jóvenes de sexo masculino, residentes de Lima Metropolitana, nacidos en los años 1983 al 2002; la población de estudio estuvo conformada por 14 jóvenes mayores de 18 años, residentes de Lima Metropolitana; la técnica empleada fue la entrevista semiestructurada, empleando una guía de preguntas para entrevistas a profundidad, validada y aplicada a nivel nacional; la recolección de datos fue a través de entrevista de virtuales por la plataforma de Zoom y para el análisis de datos se empleó el Atlas Ti; entre los resultados se encontraron que los millennials consideran como punto central de la hombría, a la virilidad y su vinculación con la fuerza, además de la dominación e independencia; mientras que los centennials, enfatiza la hombría a través de los genitales, fisionomía, independencia, siendo direccionado por los valores. Concluyendo que la hombría es un proceso dinámico y cambiante, de acuerdo al contexto social y al tiempo en el cual se sitúa.The present investigation entitled, Construction of manhood in a group of young residents of metropolitan Lima is a comparative study, whose general objective is to understand the construction of manhood in young people of the millennial and centennial generations in Metropolitan Lima. The methodology used is of a qualitative approach, flexible narrative-ethnographic design; having as objective population young males, residents of Metropolitan Lima, born in the years 1983 to 2002; The study population consisted of 14 young people over 18 years of age, residents of Metropolitan Lima; The technique used was the semi-structured interview, using a question guide for in-depth interviews, validated and applied at the national level; Data collection was through a virtual interview on the Zoom platform and AtlasTi was used for data analysis; Among the results, it was found that millennials consider manhood, virility and its connection with strength, domination and independence as the central point; while centennials emphasize manliness through genitalia, physiognomy, independence, being guided by values. Concluding that manhood is a dynamic and changing process, according to the social context and the time in which it is located

Psychometric evidence of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): an item response theory analysis in university students from Chile

Abstract Background Experiential avoidance (EA) is a psychological mechanism associated with several mental health disorders and is regarded as a relevant target by third-generation cognitive behavioral therapies. It has been mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, and the AAQ-II is the most used tool. Its psychometric evidence has been mostly tested through the classical test theory (CTT) and very scarcely assessed through Item Response Theory (IRT). Methods We used the Graded Response Model to examine its psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking university students (n = 1503; women = 995 (66.2%), mean age = 19.29, SD = 2.45). We tested whether the empirical data fit the model’s predictions and estimated the dispersion of persons and items along the experiential avoidance continuum. Moreover, we examined category probability curves to identify the response probability of each answer. Likewise, an item-person map was made where the measurement of persons and items, both on the same scale and along the experiential avoidance continuum, could be observed jointly. Finally, we tested the gender invariance of the scale. Results We found that the values of the individuals and the items were in the established range to be considered an adequate measure of EA. Additionally, we observed high discrimination indices for all items. The current version with seven answer options could not be optimal and should be tested in future studies. Finally, we found evidence of differential functioning by gender in one of the seven items of the instrument. Conclusions Our results indicate that the AAQ-II is a suitable tool for measuring EA and accurately classifying and differentiating EA levels in university students

The use of broad-spectrum organic biocides in marine antifouling paints

This chapter provides a statement on our current knowledge of the occurrence, fate and risks associated with organic antifouling paint biocides. As a group of compounds they are chemically diverse and have been used at different rates in various parts of the world. In Europe all antifouling paint biocides are currently being reviewed under The European Union's (EU) Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) (98/8/EC), however much of these data are confidential. Published peer-reviewed data suggest that the extensive use of Irgarol 1051 and diuron in areas with low water exchange poses an environmental risk to certain aquatic organisms due to increased concentrations resulting from high aqueous persistence. Many of the other biocides have not had the levels of market penetration shared by Irgarol and diuron and therefore few reliable data are available on their occurrence. For these biocides, sound environmental risk assessment, as performed by the BPD, is essential in order to protect the aquatic environment. The data available suggest that there are biocides which have a low environmental persistence (e.g., zinc pyrithione, DCOIT and dichlofluanid) and may therefore not accumulate to the levels observed by diuron and Irgarol 1051. Modelling of relevant exposure scenarios will provide valuable data in predicting environmental concentrations (PEC) where occurrence data are not available. Exposure is only part of establishing environmental risk. If exposure concentrations are greater than those where no effects are observed then there is a potential risk to the aquatic environment. Current data suggest that the concentrations of Irgarol 1051 and diuron exceed the predicted no effect concentrations. What is important in assessing the risks of other biocides, which currently do not occur at concentrations. >. PNEC, is that the PEC following increased use and release does not exceed the PNEC. Regulatory tests and environmental risk assessments are based upon 'normal' use scenarios where the biocide enters the water from a painted surface. Other exposure scenarios such as those related to the careless and inappropriate disposal of paint particles following hosing and scrubbing activities should also be considered to fully protect the aquatic environment