ضمانات «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفاً» في قوانين دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

تتناول هذه الدراسة «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا »، الذي نُص عليه في الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، وفي العديد من الاتفاقيات الإقليمية. ويرى الباحث أن هذا المبدأ لا يمكن أن يؤتي ثماره في الواقع العملي إلا إذا اقترن بمجموعة من الضمانات. تتمثل هذه الضمانات في تحديد حالات التجريد من الجنسية بأداة تشريعية لا تقل عن «قانون ،» وأن تبين هذه الحالات على وجه التحديد والدقة، وألا يُبنى التجريد تشريعًا أو ممارسةً على التمييز بين الأفراد لأسباب تتعلق بالجنس أو الدين أو العرق أو الطائفة أو اللون أو الرأي السياسي أو غيرها. كما تتمثل هذه الضمانات في أن يكون قرار التجريد من الجنسية شخصيًّا، لا يتعدى من صدر في حقه إلى غيره من أبنائه أو زوجته، وأخيرًا، أن يكون القرار الصادر بالتجريد من الجنسية مكتوبًا ومسببًا، وقابلًا للطعن فيه أمام جهة قضائية مستقلة ومحايدة. حاول الباحث في هذه الدراسة أن يبرز مفهوم كل ضمانة من ضمانات مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا، ثم بحث في تشريعات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي الناظمة لأحكام الجنسية عن مدى كفالتها لمثل تلك الضمانات. وقد وجد في تشريعات الجنسية في دول المجلس العديد من الأمثلة على عدم توافقها مع هذه الضمانات، كعدم حصر حالات التجريد على وجه الدقة، واتساعها أمام إدراج أفعال غير متناهية من خلال عبارات فضفاضة كالمصلحة العامة ومصلحة الدولة والإضرار بمصالح البلاد وغيرها. كما وجد مثالًا نادرًا على حالة تجريد بُنيت على التمييز كسحب الجنسية في حال ارتداد الشخص عن دينه. أما بشأن شخصية التجريد وعدم تعديه إلى غيره ممن يتبعه، فلم تكتفِ بعض تشريعات المجلس بقصر هذا الأمر على حالة الحصول على الجنسية عن طريق الغش والتزوير، بل تجاوزته لتسحب الجنسية ممن تحققت في شأنه حالات أخرى أيضًا. وأخيرًا لا تشترط تشريعات دول المجلس تسبيب قرارات سحب الجنسية أو إسقاطها، كما أن بعض هذه التشريعات نص صراحة على عدم اختصاص المحاكم بنظر المسائل المتعلقة بالجنسيةThis article deals with the principle of “arbitrary denaturalization of citizens” as stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many regional conventions. The author believes that this principle can only be realized in practice if accompanied by a set of guarantees. These guarantees are to identify denaturalization cases with a legislative instrument that is no less than the law, to specifically and accurately identify such cases, and for legislation not to be created based on discriminating practices of individuals on the grounds of sex, religion, race, sect, color, political opinion or other such reasons. These guarantees should also ensure that a denaturalization decision should remain individual and not exceed the targeted person to include other family members such as spouses and children. Finally, the denaturalization decision should be written and justified and challengeable before an independent and impartial judicial body. The author attempted to highlight the concept of every guarantee of the principle of arbitrary denaturalization of a citizen. The legislations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states governing the provisions of naturalization were then examined to determine the extent of such guarantees. In the naturalization legislations of GCC states, there are many examples of incompatibility with these guarantees, such as the lack of precise definition of denaturalization conditions, which can result from countless causes. Definitions of denaturalization conditions are loosely phrased, such as violations to public interest, the state’s interests, the country’s interests, etc. A rare case of denaturalization recorded based on discrimination was for a person who renounced his religion. As for the individualism of denaturalization and that it should not include subordinates of the targeted person, some GCC legislations do not restrict this to cases of fraudulent or forged naturalization; the move applies to people denaturalized for other reasons. Finally, legislations of GCC states do not require justifying decisions to withdraw or nullify naturalization; some of these legislations expressly state that courts do not have jurisdiction over matters relating to naturalization

قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب (جاستا)

أثار قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب )جاستا(، كثيرًا من الاهتمام لدى الإعلامين الغربي والعربي، صاحبه كثيرٌ من القلق لدى الدول التي قد يوجَّه هذا القانون ضدها. ويرجع ذلك إلى أن القانون يخل بأهم مبادئ القانون الدولي العام الراسخة والمستقرة، لا سيما تلك المتعلقة بسيادة الدول وحصانتها، حيث يمكن بمقتضى قانون »جاستا« مقاضاتها أمام محاكم الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بجريرة المساهمة عن عمد أو إهمال في تقديم دعم أو موارد، سواء بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر، إلى أشخاص أو منظمات تشكل خطرًا داهمًا، أو ارتكبت أعمالًا إرهابية تهدد سلامة مواطني الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أو أمنها القومي أو سياستها الخارجية أو اقتصادها. قانون» جاستا«، الذي وافق البرلمان على مشروعه، ووجَّه رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ضده حق الاعتراض (Veto)، وتمكَّن البرلمان من تجاوز اعتراضه وإقرار مشروع القانون ثانية فصدر، هو موضوع هذه الورقة التي تتناول: مراحل إعداده، وأهم الأسباب التي جعلت رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية يستخدم حق الاعتراض ضده، وأسباب تمكُّن البرلمان من التغلُّب على اعتراض الرئيس، وأهم ما يثير القلق والتساؤلات بشأن هذا القانونThe Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) has raised a lot of interest in the Western and Arab media, which is of great concern to the countries that may be accused under the law. This is because the law violates the most important, established, and stable principles of public international law, especially those relating to the sovereignty and immunity of states. Under the law, states can be prosecuted in the courts of the United States of America for alleged deliberate or negligent support of persons or organizations that commit terrorist acts that threaten the safety and national security of the citizens of the United States of America. JASTA was approved by both houses of the U.S. Congress, but the President of the United States of America vetoed the law. The U.S. Congress overrode the objection of the President, allowing the Act to become law. This paper deals with the stages of the preparation of this law and the most important reasons that made the President of the United States use the right of veto against it, the reasons the U.S. Congress overrode the President’s objection, and the most important concerns and questions about this law

Evaluation of serum nitric oxide before and after local radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: HCC is one of the leading causes of world wide cancer mortality due to late diagnosis. Chronic hepatitis C virus is one of the main risk factors for the development of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a multi-step process involving different genetic alterations that lead to malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Genetic and molecular abnormalities associated with viral infection or due to inflammatory conditions represent an early step in hepatocarcinogenesis. HCC is a hypervascular solid cancer. Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis, and the ‘‘angiogenic switch’’ of preexisting vessels is required to allow tumor progression, growth, and propagation to supply nutrients and oxygen. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also plays an important role in angiogenesis, regulating several biological processes crucial for tumor growth.Objectives: Evaluation of serum nitric oxide before and after local  radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma.Subjects: Twenty patients with proven hepatocellular carcinoma and 15 healthy patients as controls were enrolled in the study. Methods: History taking, clinical examination, laboratory testing (AlT, AST, Bil γGT, ALP, Albumin, AFP, NO), ultrasound and Spiral CT. Evaluation was done initially and repeated after 2 weeks of tumor ablation by local radiofrequency thermal ablation.Results: Median of Serum Nitric oxide was statistically significantly higher among HCC patients before radiofrequency thermal ablation (1200 lmol/l) compared to controls (22 lmol/l)where p< 0.001, also the median of NO was statistically significantly declined after radiofrequency thermal ablation compared to before (160, 1200 lmol/l) respectively where p<0.001.Conclusion: The data suggest that there is an elevation in serum nitric oxide in HCC patients and that is locally produced from the tumor and hence its level significantly drops after local radiofrequency thermal ablation.Keywords: Nitrous oxide; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radiofrequenc

Molecular identification of adenoviruses associated with respiratory infection in Egypt from 2003 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses of species B, C, and E (HAdV-B, -C, -E) are frequent causative agents of acute respiratory infections worldwide. As part of a surveillance program aimed at identifying the etiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Egypt, we characterized 105 adenovirus isolates from clinical samples collected between 2003 and 2010. METHODS: Identification of the isolates as HAdV was accomplished by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by a set of species and type specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 105 isolates, 42% were identified as belonging to HAdV-B, 60% as HAdV-C, and 1% as HAdV-E. We identified a total of six co-infections by PCR, of which five were HAdV-B/HAdV-C co-infections, and one was a co-infection of two HAdV-C types: HAdV-5/HAdV-6. Molecular typing by PCR enabled the identification of eight genotypes of human adenoviruses; HAdV-3 (n = 22), HAdV-7 (n = 14), HAdV-11 (n = 8), HAdV-1 (n = 22), HAdV-2 (20), HAdV-5 (n = 15), HAdV-6 (n = 3) and HAdV-4 (n = 1). The most abundant species in the characterized collection of isolates was HAdV-C, which is concordant with existing data for worldwide epidemiology of HAdV respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: We identified three species, HAdV-B, -C and -E, among patients with ILI over the course of 7 years in Egypt, with at least eight diverse types circulating

Patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in Egypt from a population-based cancer registry

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide, and is frequently attributed to rising rates of hepatitis C virus infection and interactions between viral and environmental risk factors. Because of Egypt's unique risk factor profile, we analyzed data from the Gharbiah Population-Based Cancer Registry for the period 1999–2003 to characterize demographic and geographic patterns of cases in this province. Methods:  We calculated age- and sex-specific and age- and sex-standardized HCC incidence rates for the eight districts in Gharbiah. We also compared rates from Gharbiah with the USA (US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results [SEER] database). Results:  The analysis revealed a higher incidence in males than in females, significant geographic variations among districts, and a higher incidence in Gharbiah than that reported by SEER. Conclusion:  The findings of this study document the heterogeneous distribution of HCC at regional and international levels. This population-based registry offers the opportunity for careful representative studies of various etiologies, particularly infectious and/or environmental factors that may contribute to risk.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75374/1/j.1872-034X.2007.00299.x.pd

A Randomized Open-Label Trial of Artesunate- Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine with or without Primaquine for Elimination of Sub-Microscopic P. falciparum Parasitaemia and Gametocyte Carriage in Eastern Sudan

In areas of seasonal malaria transmission, treatment of asymptomatic carriers of malaria parasites, whose parasitaemia persists at low densities throughout the dry season, could be a useful strategy for malaria control. We carried out a randomized trial to compare two drug regimens for clearance of parasitaemia in order to identify the optimum regimen for use in mass drug administration in the dry season.A two-arm open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted during the dry season in an area of distinct seasonal malaria in two villages in Gedarif State in eastern Sudan. Participants were asymptomatic adults and children aged over 6 months, with low-density P. falciparum infection detected by PCR. Participants were randomized to receive artesunate/sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP) combination for three days with or without a dose of primaquine (PQ) on the fourth day. Parasitaemia detected by PCR on days 3, 7 and 14 after the start of treatment and gametocytes detected by RT-PCR on days 7 and 14 were then recorded. 104 individuals who had low density parasitaemia at screening were randomized and treated during the dry season. On day 7, 8.3% were positive by PCR in the AS+SP+PQ group and 6.5% in the AS+SP group (risk difference 1.8%, 95%CI -10.3% to +13.8%). At enrolment, 12% (12/100) were carrying gametocytes. This was reduced to 6.4% and 4.4% by day 14 (Risk difference 1.9% (95%CI -9.3% to +13.2%) in AS+SP+PQ and AS+SP groups, respectively.Addition of primaquine to artemisinin combination treatment did not improve elimination of parasitaemia and prevention of gametocyte carriage in carriers with low-density parasitaemia in the dry season.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00330902

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Detection, Properties, and Frequency of Local Calcium Release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Teleost Cardiomyocytes

Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) plays a central role in the regulation of cardiac contraction and rhythm in mammals and humans but its role is controversial in teleosts. Since the zebrafish is an emerging model for studies of cardiovascular function and regeneration we here sought to determine if basic features of SR calcium release are phylogenetically conserved. Confocal calcium imaging was used to detect spontaneous calcium release (calcium sparks and waves) from the SR. Calcium sparks were detected in 16 of 38 trout atrial myocytes and 6 of 15 ventricular cells. The spark amplitude was 1.45±0.03 times the baseline fluorescence and the time to half maximal decay of sparks was 27±3 ms. Spark frequency was 0.88 sparks µm−1 min−1 while calcium waves were 8.5 times less frequent. Inhibition of SR calcium uptake reduced the calcium transient (F/F0) from 1.77±0.17 to 1.12±0.18 (p = 0.002) and abolished calcium sparks and waves. Moreover, elevation of extracellular calcium from 2 to 10 mM promoted early and delayed afterdepolarizations (from 0.6±0.3 min−1 to 8.1±2.0 min−1, p = 0.001), demonstrating the ability of SR calcium release to induce afterdepolarizations in the trout heart. Calcium sparks of similar width and duration were also observed in zebrafish ventricular myocytes. In conclusion, this is the first study to consistently report calcium sparks in teleosts and demonstrate that the basic features of calcium release through the ryanodine receptor are conserved, suggesting that teleost cardiac myocytes is a relevant model to study the functional impact of abnormal SR function

Suppressing molecular motions for enhanced room-temperature phosphorescence of metal-free organic materials

Metal-free organic phosphorescent materials are attractive alternatives to the predominantly used organometallic phosphors but are generally dimmer and are relatively rare, as, without heavy-metal atoms, spin-orbit coupling is less efficient and phosphorescence usually cannot compete with radiationless relaxation processes. Here we present a general design rule and a method to effectively reduce radiationless transitions and hence greatly enhance phosphorescence efficiency of metal-free organic materials in a variety of amorphous polymer matrices, based on the restriction of molecular motions in the proximity of embedded phosphors. Covalent cross-linking between phosphors and polymer matrices via Diels-Alder click chemistry is devised as a method. A sharp increase in phosphorescence quantum efficiency is observed in a variety of polymer matrices with this method, which is ca. two to five times higher than that of phosphor-doped polymer systems having no such covalent linkage.ope

Efficacy and Safety of Artemether in the Treatment of Chronic Fascioliasis in Egypt: Exploratory Phase-2 Trials

Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are two liver flukes that parasitize herbivorous large size mammals (e.g., sheep and cattle), as well as humans. A single drug is available to treat infections with Fasciola flukes, namely, triclabendazole. Recently, laboratory studies and clinical trials in sheep and humans suffering from acute fascioliasis have shown that artesunate and artemether (drugs that are widely used against malaria) also show activity against fascioliasis. Hence, we were motivated to assess the efficacy and safety of oral artemether in patients with chronic Fasciola infections. The study was carried out in Egypt and artemether administered according to two different malaria treatment regimens. Cure rates observed with 6×80 mg and 3×200 mg artemether were 35% and 6%, respectively. In addition, high efficacy was observed when triclabendazole, the current drug of choice against human fascioliasis, was administered to patients remaining Fasciola positive following artemether treatment. Concluding, monotherapy with artemether does not represent an alternative to triclabendazole against fascioliasis, but its role in combination chemotherapy regimen remains to be investigated