ضمانات «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفاً» في قوانين دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

تتناول هذه الدراسة «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا »، الذي نُص عليه في الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، وفي العديد من الاتفاقيات الإقليمية. ويرى الباحث أن هذا المبدأ لا يمكن أن يؤتي ثماره في الواقع العملي إلا إذا اقترن بمجموعة من الضمانات. تتمثل هذه الضمانات في تحديد حالات التجريد من الجنسية بأداة تشريعية لا تقل عن «قانون ،» وأن تبين هذه الحالات على وجه التحديد والدقة، وألا يُبنى التجريد تشريعًا أو ممارسةً على التمييز بين الأفراد لأسباب تتعلق بالجنس أو الدين أو العرق أو الطائفة أو اللون أو الرأي السياسي أو غيرها. كما تتمثل هذه الضمانات في أن يكون قرار التجريد من الجنسية شخصيًّا، لا يتعدى من صدر في حقه إلى غيره من أبنائه أو زوجته، وأخيرًا، أن يكون القرار الصادر بالتجريد من الجنسية مكتوبًا ومسببًا، وقابلًا للطعن فيه أمام جهة قضائية مستقلة ومحايدة. حاول الباحث في هذه الدراسة أن يبرز مفهوم كل ضمانة من ضمانات مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا، ثم بحث في تشريعات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي الناظمة لأحكام الجنسية عن مدى كفالتها لمثل تلك الضمانات. وقد وجد في تشريعات الجنسية في دول المجلس العديد من الأمثلة على عدم توافقها مع هذه الضمانات، كعدم حصر حالات التجريد على وجه الدقة، واتساعها أمام إدراج أفعال غير متناهية من خلال عبارات فضفاضة كالمصلحة العامة ومصلحة الدولة والإضرار بمصالح البلاد وغيرها. كما وجد مثالًا نادرًا على حالة تجريد بُنيت على التمييز كسحب الجنسية في حال ارتداد الشخص عن دينه. أما بشأن شخصية التجريد وعدم تعديه إلى غيره ممن يتبعه، فلم تكتفِ بعض تشريعات المجلس بقصر هذا الأمر على حالة الحصول على الجنسية عن طريق الغش والتزوير، بل تجاوزته لتسحب الجنسية ممن تحققت في شأنه حالات أخرى أيضًا. وأخيرًا لا تشترط تشريعات دول المجلس تسبيب قرارات سحب الجنسية أو إسقاطها، كما أن بعض هذه التشريعات نص صراحة على عدم اختصاص المحاكم بنظر المسائل المتعلقة بالجنسيةThis article deals with the principle of “arbitrary denaturalization of citizens” as stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many regional conventions. The author believes that this principle can only be realized in practice if accompanied by a set of guarantees. These guarantees are to identify denaturalization cases with a legislative instrument that is no less than the law, to specifically and accurately identify such cases, and for legislation not to be created based on discriminating practices of individuals on the grounds of sex, religion, race, sect, color, political opinion or other such reasons. These guarantees should also ensure that a denaturalization decision should remain individual and not exceed the targeted person to include other family members such as spouses and children. Finally, the denaturalization decision should be written and justified and challengeable before an independent and impartial judicial body. The author attempted to highlight the concept of every guarantee of the principle of arbitrary denaturalization of a citizen. The legislations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states governing the provisions of naturalization were then examined to determine the extent of such guarantees. In the naturalization legislations of GCC states, there are many examples of incompatibility with these guarantees, such as the lack of precise definition of denaturalization conditions, which can result from countless causes. Definitions of denaturalization conditions are loosely phrased, such as violations to public interest, the state’s interests, the country’s interests, etc. A rare case of denaturalization recorded based on discrimination was for a person who renounced his religion. As for the individualism of denaturalization and that it should not include subordinates of the targeted person, some GCC legislations do not restrict this to cases of fraudulent or forged naturalization; the move applies to people denaturalized for other reasons. Finally, legislations of GCC states do not require justifying decisions to withdraw or nullify naturalization; some of these legislations expressly state that courts do not have jurisdiction over matters relating to naturalization

قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب (جاستا)

أثار قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب )جاستا(، كثيرًا من الاهتمام لدى الإعلامين الغربي والعربي، صاحبه كثيرٌ من القلق لدى الدول التي قد يوجَّه هذا القانون ضدها. ويرجع ذلك إلى أن القانون يخل بأهم مبادئ القانون الدولي العام الراسخة والمستقرة، لا سيما تلك المتعلقة بسيادة الدول وحصانتها، حيث يمكن بمقتضى قانون »جاستا« مقاضاتها أمام محاكم الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بجريرة المساهمة عن عمد أو إهمال في تقديم دعم أو موارد، سواء بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر، إلى أشخاص أو منظمات تشكل خطرًا داهمًا، أو ارتكبت أعمالًا إرهابية تهدد سلامة مواطني الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أو أمنها القومي أو سياستها الخارجية أو اقتصادها. قانون» جاستا«، الذي وافق البرلمان على مشروعه، ووجَّه رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ضده حق الاعتراض (Veto)، وتمكَّن البرلمان من تجاوز اعتراضه وإقرار مشروع القانون ثانية فصدر، هو موضوع هذه الورقة التي تتناول: مراحل إعداده، وأهم الأسباب التي جعلت رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية يستخدم حق الاعتراض ضده، وأسباب تمكُّن البرلمان من التغلُّب على اعتراض الرئيس، وأهم ما يثير القلق والتساؤلات بشأن هذا القانونThe Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) has raised a lot of interest in the Western and Arab media, which is of great concern to the countries that may be accused under the law. This is because the law violates the most important, established, and stable principles of public international law, especially those relating to the sovereignty and immunity of states. Under the law, states can be prosecuted in the courts of the United States of America for alleged deliberate or negligent support of persons or organizations that commit terrorist acts that threaten the safety and national security of the citizens of the United States of America. JASTA was approved by both houses of the U.S. Congress, but the President of the United States of America vetoed the law. The U.S. Congress overrode the objection of the President, allowing the Act to become law. This paper deals with the stages of the preparation of this law and the most important reasons that made the President of the United States use the right of veto against it, the reasons the U.S. Congress overrode the President’s objection, and the most important concerns and questions about this law

Molecular identification of adenoviruses associated with respiratory infection in Egypt from 2003 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses of species B, C, and E (HAdV-B, -C, -E) are frequent causative agents of acute respiratory infections worldwide. As part of a surveillance program aimed at identifying the etiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Egypt, we characterized 105 adenovirus isolates from clinical samples collected between 2003 and 2010. METHODS: Identification of the isolates as HAdV was accomplished by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by a set of species and type specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 105 isolates, 42% were identified as belonging to HAdV-B, 60% as HAdV-C, and 1% as HAdV-E. We identified a total of six co-infections by PCR, of which five were HAdV-B/HAdV-C co-infections, and one was a co-infection of two HAdV-C types: HAdV-5/HAdV-6. Molecular typing by PCR enabled the identification of eight genotypes of human adenoviruses; HAdV-3 (n = 22), HAdV-7 (n = 14), HAdV-11 (n = 8), HAdV-1 (n = 22), HAdV-2 (20), HAdV-5 (n = 15), HAdV-6 (n = 3) and HAdV-4 (n = 1). The most abundant species in the characterized collection of isolates was HAdV-C, which is concordant with existing data for worldwide epidemiology of HAdV respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: We identified three species, HAdV-B, -C and -E, among patients with ILI over the course of 7 years in Egypt, with at least eight diverse types circulating

Evaluation of serum nitric oxide before and after local radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: HCC is one of the leading causes of world wide cancer mortality due to late diagnosis. Chronic hepatitis C virus is one of the main risk factors for the development of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a multi-step process involving different genetic alterations that lead to malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Genetic and molecular abnormalities associated with viral infection or due to inflammatory conditions represent an early step in hepatocarcinogenesis. HCC is a hypervascular solid cancer. Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis, and the ‘‘angiogenic switch’’ of preexisting vessels is required to allow tumor progression, growth, and propagation to supply nutrients and oxygen. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also plays an important role in angiogenesis, regulating several biological processes crucial for tumor growth.Objectives: Evaluation of serum nitric oxide before and after local  radiofrequency thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma.Subjects: Twenty patients with proven hepatocellular carcinoma and 15 healthy patients as controls were enrolled in the study. Methods: History taking, clinical examination, laboratory testing (AlT, AST, Bil γGT, ALP, Albumin, AFP, NO), ultrasound and Spiral CT. Evaluation was done initially and repeated after 2 weeks of tumor ablation by local radiofrequency thermal ablation.Results: Median of Serum Nitric oxide was statistically significantly higher among HCC patients before radiofrequency thermal ablation (1200 lmol/l) compared to controls (22 lmol/l)where p< 0.001, also the median of NO was statistically significantly declined after radiofrequency thermal ablation compared to before (160, 1200 lmol/l) respectively where p<0.001.Conclusion: The data suggest that there is an elevation in serum nitric oxide in HCC patients and that is locally produced from the tumor and hence its level significantly drops after local radiofrequency thermal ablation.Keywords: Nitrous oxide; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radiofrequenc

Suppressing molecular motions for enhanced room-temperature phosphorescence of metal-free organic materials

Metal-free organic phosphorescent materials are attractive alternatives to the predominantly used organometallic phosphors but are generally dimmer and are relatively rare, as, without heavy-metal atoms, spin-orbit coupling is less efficient and phosphorescence usually cannot compete with radiationless relaxation processes. Here we present a general design rule and a method to effectively reduce radiationless transitions and hence greatly enhance phosphorescence efficiency of metal-free organic materials in a variety of amorphous polymer matrices, based on the restriction of molecular motions in the proximity of embedded phosphors. Covalent cross-linking between phosphors and polymer matrices via Diels-Alder click chemistry is devised as a method. A sharp increase in phosphorescence quantum efficiency is observed in a variety of polymer matrices with this method, which is ca. two to five times higher than that of phosphor-doped polymer systems having no such covalent linkage.ope

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Urinary Exosomal microRNA-451-5p Is a Potential Early Biomarker of Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats

Non-invasive renal signatures can help in serial monitoring of diabetic patients. We tested whether urinary exosomal (UE) microRNA (miR) analysis could non-invasively predict renal pathology in diabetic rats during the course of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight). Non-diabetic control (CTRL) rats were injected with vehicle. Insulin (INS) treatment (5U/d, s.c.) was provided to 50% of the DM rats. Urine samples were collected at weeks 3, 6, and 9 following injections and UE prepared. An increase in miR-451-5p and miR-16, observed by pilot small RNA sequencing of UE RNA, was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and selected for further study. Subsets of rats were euthanized after 3, 6, and 9 weeks of diabetes for renal pathology analysis, including determination of the tubulointerstitial fibrotic index (TFI) and glomerulosclerotic index (GI) scores. qPCR showed a substantial rise in miR-451-5p in UE from DM rats during thecourse of diabetes, with a significant rise (median fold change >1000) between 3 and 6 weeks. Moreover, UE miR-451-5p at 6 weeks predicted urine albumin at 9 weeks (r = 0.76). A delayed but significant rise was also observed for miR-16. In contrast, mean urine albumin only increased 21% between 3 and 6 weeks (non-significant rise), and renal TFI and GI were unchanged till 9 weeks. Renal expression of miR-451-5p and miR-16 (at 10 weeks) did not correlate with urine levels, and moreover, was negatively associated with indices of renal pathology (r�-0.70, p = 0.005 for TFI and r�-0.6, p�0.02 for GI). Overall, a relative elevation in renal miR-451-5p and miR-16 in diabetes appeared protective against diabetes- induced kidney fibrosis; while UE miR-451-5p may hold prognostic value as an earlyand sensitive non-invasive indicator of renal diseas

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package—a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87–2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91–1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79–3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63–2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8–39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Vaccine responses in newborns.

Immunisation of the newborn represents a key global strategy in overcoming morbidity and mortality due to infection in early life. Potential limitations, however, include poor immunogenicity, safety concerns and the development of tolerogenicity or hypo-responsiveness to either the same antigen and/or concomitant antigens administered at birth or in the subsequent months. Furthermore, the neonatal immunological milieu is polarised towards Th2-type immunity with dampening of Th1-type responses and impaired humoral immunity, resulting in qualitatively and quantitatively poorer antibody responses compared to older infants. Innate immunity also shows functional deficiency in antigen-presenting cells: the expression and signalling of Toll-like receptors undergo maturational changes associated with distinct functional responses. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of BCG, hepatitis B and oral polio vaccines, the only immunisations currently in use in the neonatal period, is proof of concept that vaccines can be successfully administered to the newborn via different routes of delivery to induce a range of protective mechanisms for three different diseases. In this review paper, we discuss the rationale for and challenges to neonatal immunisation, summarising progress made in the field, including lessons learnt from newborn vaccines in the pipeline. Furthermore, we explore important maternal, infant and environmental co-factors that may impede the success of current and future neonatal immunisation strategies. A variety of approaches have been proposed to overcome the inherent regulatory constraints of the newborn innate and adaptive immune system, including alternative routes of delivery, novel vaccine configurations, improved innate receptor agonists and optimised antigen-adjuvant combinations. Crucially, a dual strategy may be employed whereby immunisation at birth is used to prime the immune system in order to improve immunogenicity to subsequent homologous or heterologous boosters in later infancy. Similarly, potent non-specific immunomodulatory effects may be elicited when challenged with unrelated antigens, with the potential to reduce the overall risk of infection and allergic disease in early life