Eine Betrachtung über Kettenspannungsänderung durch Fachaushebung

Bei der Erzeugung eines aus chemischen Fasern bestandenen Gewebes erscheint es besonderes von grösster Wichtigkeit, zunächst den Einfluss der Fachaushebung auf die Kettfäden schärfer zu präzisieren und die Gewebequalität und ihre Einstellung vervollzukommen. Nämlich sollen sich alle Kettfäden während des Webens in einem Zustand gleichmässiger Spannung befinden, damit ein reines Webfach entsteht, in das der Schussfaden eingetragen und an den Warenrand angeschlagen warden kann. Im allgemeinen kann dies durch das Zusammenwirken von Kettenablass- und Warenabziehvorrichtungen eingestell t werden. Aus statischem Gesichtpunkt haben wir zunächst versuchsweise die Kettenspannungsänderung durch Fachaushebung untersucht. Hierbei haben wir zum Zweck gehabt, die geeignetesten Fachbildegetriebe fiir das Weben mit chemischen Fasern entwerfen zu können

Measurement of the Activity of the ATG4 Cysteine Proteases

While only one Atg4 is present in yeast, there are four Atg4 homologues in human and in mouse with different substrate specificities and catalytic efficiencies. The molecule Atg4 is a type of cysteine protease, and is known for its crucial roles in cleavage of the Atg8 family proteins before they can be conjugated to phospholipids, and also in cleavage of the conjugated Atg8 molecules from the membrane, a process known as deconjugation. Both processes are required for the maximal efficiency in autophagosome biogenesis. Atg4 could thus be a target for intervention of the autophagy process. It is thus important to measure Atg4 activity to determine and to modulate the autophagy function. Here we review the catalytic functions and regulatory mechanisms of human Atg4 proteases, and discuss the methodology for analyzing Atg4 activity in details

The Ecology Of Elevational Positions In Plants: Drought Resistance In Five Montane Pine Species In Southeastern Arizona

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141149/1/ajb213762.pd

A reversible phospho-switch mediated by ULK1 regulates the activity of autophagy protease ATG4B

Upon induction of autophagy, the ubiquitin-like protein LC3 is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the inner and outer membrane of autophagosomes to allow cargo selection and autophagosome formation. LC3 undergoes two processing steps, the proteolytic cleavage of pro-LC3 and the de-lipidation of LC3-PE from autophagosomes, both executed by the same cysteine protease ATG4. How ATG4 activity is regulated to co-ordinate these events is currently unknown. Here we find that ULK1, a protein kinase activated at the autophagosome formation site, phosphorylates human ATG4B on serine 316. Phosphorylation at this residue results in inhibition of its catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, phosphatase PP2A-PP2R3B can remove this inhibitory phosphorylation. We propose that the opposing activities of ULK1-mediated phosphorylation and PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation provide a phospho-switch that regulates the cellular activity of ATG4B to control LC3 processing

An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests in the eastern United States

The US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Eastwide Database is used to describe the areal extent, species composition, and tree diameter distributions of United States forests. Horizontal canopy occupancy by genera is then estimated as a function of diameter at breast height. Growing season peak foliar masses are derived from the empirical literature for canopies of deciduous and coniferous genera. A simple canopy model is used to adjust photosynthetically active solar radiation at five vertical levels in the canopy. Leaf temperature and photosynthetically active radiation derived from ambient conditions above the forest canopy are then used to drive empirical equations to estimate genus level emission rates of BVOCs vertically through forest canopies. -Author

EffectofWindonTranspirationofNewandOldLeavesofSomeTrees

1. The effect of wind on transpiration of new and old leaves of Lithocarpus edulis, Cornus Controversa, Cryptomeria japonica and Rhaphiolepis umbellata were compared. 2. The transpiration of new leaves was more strongly increased by wind than that of old ones. This relation was more evident under artificial light than under diffused light in the experimental room in basement