UNVEILING THE PERCEIVED GENDER INEQUITY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INDIVIDUAL VERSUS ORGANIZATIONAL-LEVEL PREDICTORS

Keeping the view of existence of gender inequity in workplace that disregards the rationale of equal dealing with all workers, the present study explored the contribution of factors associated with individual and organizations in construction of perception of gender inequity among teachers. A sample of 341 college teachers provided data on Perceived Gender Inequity Scale and filled the information sheet for individual and organizational-level predictors. Results reveal that college teachers perceived gender inequity in their colleges and female teachers perceived higher gender inequity privileging males as compared to be male teachers we find organizational-level variables as a group highly predictive for perceived gender inequity than individual predictors. Individual predictors as one group explicated smaller variance, with gender, age, education, and marital status (except for job status and job experience) yielding a substantial impact in the predicted direction

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE LINKING TO LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS: INTERCEDING ROLE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between spiritual intelligence and leadership effectiveness. It was further in the objective of the current study to explore the personality traits as mediating factors between the relationship of spiritual intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Data were collected from a sample of 260 managers aged between 22 and 60 years working in different organizations in Multan. Managers provided information regarding emotional intelligence, personality traits, and leadership effectiveness. Findings revealed that spiritual intelligence was significantly related to leadership effectiveness and personality traits of extroversion and openness to experience. Result further revealed that personality trait of openness to experience was found positively correlated with leadership effectiveness. Results proposed that personality dimension of openness to experience mediated the relationship between spiritual intelligence and leadership effectiveness among managers. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.&nbsp

GIVING VERSUS RECEIVING SOCIAL SUPPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF WHAT CONTRIBUTES THE MOST TO FAVORABLE LIFE OUTCOMES

This study calls for the question whether providing help to others is more beneficial than receiving it. Thus the present study probed the relative contributions of giving versus receiving social support to life satisfaction, marital satisfaction and distress in a sample of 436 older married adults aged 43-66 years. Baseline indicators of giving and receiving support were used to predict the study variables. Adults also provided data on the measures of life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and distress. Results from regression analyses indicated that life and marital satisfaction were significantly increased for individuals who reported providing instrumental support to friends, relatives, and neighbors, and individuals who reported providing emotional support to their spouse. Receiving support had no effect on life and marital satisfaction once giving support was taken into consideration. The results pertaining to distress showed the opposite findings for individuals who reported providing support than individuals receiving support. These results have implications for understanding how social contact influences life patterns, happiness, and mental health

Nematodes of high altitudes in India. IX. Descriptions of two new species of Rotylenchus (Nematoda : Tylenchida)

Two new species of Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 from the area of Himachal Pradesh, India, are described and figured. R. dalhousiensis n. sp., is characterized in having a body 0 .55-0.68 mm long, head marked with 5-6 annules, basal annule of lip region without longitudinal lines, spear 24-28 pm and phasmids preanal. This new species is close to R. quartus (Andrissy, 1958) Sher, 1961, R. fallorobustus Sher, 1965, R. citri Rashid & Khan, 1973 and R. helicus Husain & Khan, 1967. R. neorobustus n. sp. is characterized in having a body 0.77-0.98 mm long, head marlred with 5-6 annules, basal annule of lip region with 24 longitudinal lines, spear 36-40 μ m and phasmids preanal. This new species is close to R. indorobustus Jairajpuri & Baqri, 1973, R. fallorobustus Sher, 1965, R. agnetis Szczygiel, 1968 and R. pruni Rashid & Husain, 1972. In both cases only females have been found

Intrinsic Motivation and Academic Self-Efficacy as Mediation between Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement of Elementary Students

This study explored the role of academic self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation in mediating relationship of parental involvement with students’ achievement at elementary level. Employing random sampling technique, a sample of 373 students; 183 boys and 190 girls was recruited from four public sector elementary schools of Multan city. A survey-based questionnaire measuring the research variables was administered to collect the data. Students’ grades in Board’s examination were used as achievement scores of the students. The results demonstrated significantly positive linkage of involvement of parents and students’ achievement. Similarly, “intrinsic motivation and academic self-efficacy” were found to be “mediating the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement” of students. These findings would be useful for the parents and school teachers in a way that could be helping in enhancing the students' performance by increasing parents’ involvement in educational matters of children.&nbsp

Larger and More Prominent Graphic Health Warnings on Plain-Packaged Tobacco Products and Avoidant Responses in Current Smokers: a Qualitative Study

Background: The introduction of tobacco plain packaging legislation in Australia meant that all tobacco products were to be sold in plain dark-brown packaging with 75 % front-of-pack graphic health warnings and standardised font type and size for brand name and product variant. The change in the size and prominence of the warnings has been proposed as a reason for behaviour change in smokers in terms of increased intentions to quit and quit attempts. Purpose: The current research examined attitudes and beliefs of cigarette smokers toward the increased size and prominence of the warnings and effects on their behaviour. Method: Participants (N = 160) completed open-ended responses to questions on beliefs, attitudes and responses to plain packaging. Responses were subjected to inductive thematic content analysis for key themes. Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis: emotional response to packaging, scepticism of health warnings, warnings and cessation behaviour, and avoidant coping behaviours. Participants reported increased negative emotional responses to the packaging and made specific reference to the graphic health warnings. Some participants attempted to discredit the messages. Others reported increased intentions to quit or quitting attempts. There were pervasive reports of avoidant responses including covering or hiding the warnings. Conclusion: Consistent with theories of illness perceptions and coping, current findings indicate that the larger, prominent graphic health warnings on plain-packaged tobacco products had pervasive effects on threat perceptions and subsequent behavioural responses. While some of the reported responses were adaptive (e.g. attempts to quit), others were maladaptive (e.g. avoiding the warnings)

In-lecture learning motivation predicts students’ motivation, intention, and behaviour for after-lecture learning: Examining the trans-contextual model across universities from UK, China, and Pakistan

This paper presents a cross-cultural examination of the trans-contextual model in University education setting. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of students’ perceived autonomy support and in-lecture learning motivation on motivation, intention, and behaviour with respect to after-lecture learning via the mediation of the social cognitive variables: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. University students from UK, China, and Pakistan completed the questionnaires of the study variables. Results revealed that in-lecture perceived autonomy support and autonomous motivation were positively associated with autonomous motivation and intention to engage in after-lecture learning activities via the mediation of the social cognitive variables in all samples. After controlling for the effect of past behaviour, relations between intention and behaviour were only observed in the Chinese sample. In conclusion, the trans-contextual model can be applied to University education, but cultural differences appear to moderate the predictive power of the model, particularly for the intention-behaviour relationship

Youth Culturally adapted Manual Assisted Problem Solving Training (YCMAP) in Pakistani adolescent with a history of self-harm: protocol for multicentre clinical and cost-effectiveness randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Suicide is a global health concern. Sociocultural factors have an impact on self-harm and suicide rates. In Pakistan, both self-harm and suicide are considered as criminal offence’s and are condemned on both religious and social grounds. The proposed intervention ‘Youth Culturally Adapted Manual Assisted Problem Solving Training (YCMAP)’ is based on principles of problem-solving and cognitive–behavioural therapy. YCMAP is a brief, culturally relevant, scalable intervention that can be implemented in routine clinical practice if found to be effective. Method and analysis: A multicentre rater blind randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of YCMAP including a sample of 652 participants, aged 12–18 years, presenting to general physicians/clinicians, emergency room after self harm or self referrals. We will test the effectiveness of 8–10 individual sessions of YCMAP delivered over 3 months compared with treatment as usual. Primary outcome measure is repetition of self-harm at 12 months. The seconday outcomes include reduction in suicidal ideation, hopelessness and distress and improvement in health related quality of life. Assessments will be completed at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postrandomisation. The nested qualitative component will explore perceptions about management of self-harm and suicide prevention among adolescents and investigate participants’ experiences with YCMAP. The study will be guided by the theory of change approach to ensure that the whole trial is centred around needs of the end beneficiaries as key stakeholders in the process. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of University of Manchester, the National Bioethics Committee in Pakistan. The findings of this study will be disseminated through community workshops, social media, conference presentations and peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number: NCT04131179

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries