The Suitability of Short Rotation Coppice Crops for Phytoremediation of Urban Soils

This experiment was aimed at verifying the usefulness of phytoremediation using Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) in an urban Zn-contaminated site. Besides elemental uptake and reclamation, the SRC method was applied to evaluate the additional benefits of a green infrastructure. Nine different plants with rapid growth and large biomass production were selected: three Populus clones, three Salix hybrids, and three Robinia genotypes. Annual and biennial coppicing were evaluated. Poplar clones were more productive using annual coppicing, while Salix and Robinia produced higher biomass in blocks not coppiced. Poplar had the highest phytoextraction rate during the second year, with 1077 g/ha. Salix clones S1 and S3 extracted similar quantities using biennial coppicing. After two years, the bioavailable fraction of Zn decreased significantly using all species, from the 26% decrease of Robinia to the 36% decrease of Salix. The short rotation coppice method proved to be useful in an urban context, for both landscape and limiting the access to the contaminated area. Improving the biomass yield through the phytomanagement options (fertilization, irrigation, coppicing, etc.) could make SRC phytoremediation an economic and effective solution to manage urban contaminated areas, coupling the added values of biomass production to the landscape benefits

Genere Generi. Disuguaglianze e differenze

IL testo analizza il sistema dei generi attraverso una proposta di mappa del mainstreaming dei gener

Surface modified Ti6Al4V for enhanced bone bonding ability - effects of silver and corrosivity at simulated physiological conditions from a corrosion and metal release perspective

Abstract Different surface treatments, with and without silver (Ag), of a Ti6Al4V alloy for increased bone bonding ability were investigated and compared with non-treated surfaces. Studies were conducted at 37 °C in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) of varying hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations. Increased levels of metal release and corrosion were observed in the presence of both H2O2 and BSA due complexation with Ti and Al in the surface oxide, respectively. Ag release was enhanced by the presence of BSA. Galvanic effects by Ag were minor, but possibly observed in the most corrosive environment

Composti organici idrosolubili come indicatori nello studio dei processi di scambio atmosfera-neve in Antartide

La frazione organica è un’importante componente dell’aerosol atmosferico e i composti organici idrosolubili costituiscono un 40-60% del carbonio organico presente in atmosfera. Tali composti hanno una grande importanza ambientale in quanto possono influenzare l’igroscopicità delle particelle di aerosol e conseguentemente l’abilità di agire come nuclei di condensazione delle nubi. I composti organici idrosolubili possono essere utilizzati come indicatori di specifiche sorgenti di emissione. Processi di trasporto a lunga distanza sono stati studiati utilizzando il levoglucosan, specifico indicatore di combustione di biomassa, [1], mentre la determinazione di amminoacidi e zuccheri nell’aerosol antartico ha permesso di investigare i processi di formazione e di trasformazione del bioaerosol [2,3]. L’Antartide rappresenta un ottimo laboratorio naturale perché risulta lontano da fonti antropogeniche ed emissioni continentali. In questo studio sono state analizzate diverse classi di composti idrosolubili quali amminoacidi, metossifenoli, mono- e disaccaridi, alcol zuccheri, anidrozuccheri, specie anioniche e cationiche e acidi carbossibili in campioni di aerosol atmosferico e neve superficiale raccolti presso il sito costiero di Campo Faraglione vicino alla Stazione Mario Zucchelli (Antartide) durante la XXX spedizione italiana antartica (estate australe 2014-2015). Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro consiste nello studio dei processi di scambio atmosfera-neve al fine di individuare nuovi indicatori per lo studio delle carote di ghiaccio. La conoscenza dei processi di deposizione e di possibile degradazione delle specie chimiche nel manto nevoso è fondamentale per capire l’applicabilità di tali composti a studi paleoclimatici. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) mediante il progetto “Scambi e relazioni aria-neve per elementi in tracce e composti organici di interesse climatico” (2013/AZ3.04). Bibliografia [1] R. Zangrando et al., (2016), Science of the Total Environment 544, 606–616. [2] E. Barbaro et al., (2015) Atmospheric Environment, 118, 134-144. [3] E. Barbaro et al., (2015) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 5457–5469

Caratterizzazione dimensionale dei composti solubili in acqua nella frazione ultrafine, fine e grossolana dell’aerosol urbano

Lo scopo di questo lavoro consiste nello studio della composizione chimica della frazione idrosolubile dell’aerosol atmosferico in funzione del diametro delle particelle in un’area urbana. La composizione chimica delle particelle in funzione della loro dimensione influisce notevolmente sul ruolo ambientale, tossicologico e legislativo dell’aerosol atmosferico. Per la prima volta, questo studio può fornire un utile strumento analitico ambientale per indagare la composizione della frazione ultrafine dell’aerosol urbano. Nel sito urbano di Mestre-Venezia sono stati raccolti 14 campioni di aerosol in un periodo compreso tra marzo e maggio 2016, utilizzando un impattore MOUDI II che ha permesso di suddividere l’aerosol in 12 frazioni dimensionali (>18 μm; 18-10 μm; 10-5.6 μm; 5.6-3.2 μm; 3.2- 1.8 μm; 1.8-1 μm; 1-0.56 μm; 0.56 -0.32 μm; 0.32-0.18 μm; 0.18-0.1 μm; 0.1-0.056 μm; <0.056 μm). Ciascuno dei 168 supporti campionati è stato pesato in un camera bianca ISO 7 ed estratto in acqua ultrapura con ultrasuoni. L’estratto acquoso è stato analizzato mediante IC-MS per la determinazione di specie ioniche (ioni maggiori, acido metansolfonico, acidi carbossilici) e zuccheri (alcol zuccheri, anidrozuccheri, mono- e disaccaridi) e mediante HPLC-MS/MS per la determinazione di L- e D- amminoacidi, composti fenolici, composti di degradazione dell’α-pinene. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che le specie idrosolubili analizzate rappresentano mediamente tra il 14% ( 1 μm) sono il sodio, il calcio e il nitrato mentre la frazione fine (<1 μm) è caratterizzata da alte concentrazioni di solfato, ammonio e acidi carbossilici. Nitrato e solfato sono invece le specie caratteristiche della frazione nano (<100 nm). Per ciascuna classe di composti studiata è stata indagata la sorgente di emissione e la relativa distribuzione in funzione del diametro delle particelle. Ad esempio, lo studio di L e D-amminoacidi ha dimostrato che l’amminoacido a più alta concentrazione è la glicina, segue L-prolina, L-arginina, acido L-glutammico e D-alanina. Le alte concentrazioni della glicina, principalmente presente nella frazione fine (180 nm - 1 μm), sono legate alla stabilità del composto, mentre la L-prolina che deriva da spore si distribuisce maggiormente nella frazione grossolana. Considerato l’elevato numero di specie analizzate, è stato applicato un approccio chemiometrico che ha permesso di individuare quattro specifiche sorgenti di emissione: emissione marina primaria, emissione marina di specie secondarie, combustione di biomassa e una sorgente mista. Mentre i composti che caratterizzano la sorgente marina primaria si distribuiscono nella frazione grossolana dell’aerosol (>1 μm), i composti secondari di origine marina si distribuiscono sulle particelle più fini (<1 μm), come anche i composti specifici della combustione di biomassa

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and risk of lymphoma subtypes

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor implicated in several pathways known to be relevant in lymphomagenesis. Aim of our study was to explore the link between AhR activation and risk of lymphoma subtypes. We used a Dual-Luciferase Assay® and a luminometer to detect the activation of the luciferase gene, in HepG2 cells transfected with a specific reporter systems, by a 50 ml serum aliquot of cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (N = 108), follicular lymphoma (N = 85), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (N = 72), multiple myeloma (N = 80), and Hodgkin lymphoma (N = 94) and 357 controls who participated in the multicentre Italian study on gene-environment interactions in lymphoma etiology (ItGxE). Risk of each lymphoma subtype associated with AhR activation was calculated with polytomous logistic regression adjusting by age, gender, and study centre. The overall prevalence of AhR activation ranged 13.9-23.6% by subtype, and it varied by study area (8-39%). Risk associated with AhR activation was moderately elevated for follicular lymphoma (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 0.86, 2.80) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 0.83, 2.96). Despite our inconclusive findings about the association with risk of lymphoma subtypes, we showed that the Dual-Luciferase Assay can be reliably and easily applied in population-based studies to detect AhR activation

First Results of the &#8220;Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)&#8221; Experiment: Beyond Current Standards for PM10

In February 2017 the “Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)” experiment was carried out in downtown Rome to address the following specific questions: what is the color, size, composition, and toxicity of the carbonaceous aerosol in the Mediterranean urban background area of Rome? The motivation of this experiment is the lack of understanding of what aerosol types are responsible for the severe risks to human health posed by particulate matter (PM) pollution, and how carbonaceous aerosols influence radiative balance. Physicochemical properties of the carbonaceous aerosol were characterised, and relevant toxicological variables assessed. The aerosol characterisation includes: (i) measurements with high time resolution (min to 1–2 h) at a fixed location of black carbon (eBC), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particle number size distribution (0.008–10 μ m), major non refractory PM1 components, elemental composition, wavelength-dependent optical properties, and atmospheric turbulence; (ii) 24-h measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, water soluble OC and brown carbon (BrC), and levoglucosan; (iii) mobile measurements of eBC and size distribution around the study area, with computational fluid dynamics modeling; (iv) characterisation of road dust emissions and their EC and OC content. The toxicological assessment includes: (i) preliminary evaluation of the potential impact of ultrafine particles on lung epithelia cells (cultured at the air liquid interface and directly exposed to particles); (ii) assessment of the oxidative stress induced by carbonaceous aerosols; (iii) assessment of particle size dependent number doses deposited in different regions of the human body; (iv) PAHs biomonitoring (from the participants into the mobile measurements). The first experimental results of the CARE experiment are presented in this paper. The objective here is to provide baseline levels of carbonaceous aerosols for Rome, and to address future research directions. First, we found that BC and EC mass concentration in Rome are larger than those measured in similar urban areas across Europe (the urban background mass concentration of eBC in Rome in winter being on average 2.6 ± 2.5 μ g · m − 3 , mean eBC at the peak level hour being 5.2 (95% CI = 5.0–5.5) μ g · m − 3 ). Then, we discussed significant variations of carbonaceous aerosol properties occurring with time scales of minutes, and questioned on the data averaging period used in current air quality standard for PM 10 (24-h). Third, we showed that the oxidative potential induced by aerosol depends on particle size and composition, the effects of toxicity being higher with lower mass concentrations and smaller particle size. Albeit this is a preliminary analysis, findings reinforce the need for an urgent update of existing air quality standards for PM 10 and PM 2.5 with regard to particle composition and size distribution, and data averaging period. Our results reinforce existing concerns about the toxicity of carbonaceous aerosols, support the existing evidence indicating that particle size distribution and composition may play a role in the generation of this toxicity, and remark the need to consider a shorter averaging period (&lt;1 h) in these new standards

Aerosol and snow transfer processes: An investigation on the behavior of water-soluble organic compounds and ionic species

The concentrations of water-soluble compounds (ions, carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds) in aerosol and snow have been determined at the coastal Italian base "Mario Zucchelli" (Antarctica) during the 2014-2015 austral summer. The main aim of this research was to investigate the air-snow transfer processes of a number of classes of chemical compounds and investigate their potential as tracers for specific sources.The composition and particle size distribution of Antarctic aerosol was measured, and water-soluble compounds accounted for 66% of the PM10 total mass concentration. The major ions Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- made up 99% of the total water soluble compound concentration indicating that sea spray input was the main source of aerosol. These ionic species were found mainly in the coarse fraction of the aerosol resulting in enhanced deposition, as reflected by the snow composition.Biogenic sources were identified using chemical markers such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and phenolic compounds. This study describes the first characterization of amino acids and sugar concentrations in surface snow. High concentrations of amino acids were found after a snowfall event, their presence is probably due to the degradation of biological material scavenged during the snow event. Alcohol sugars increased in concentration after the snow event, suggesting a deposition of primary biological particles, such as airborne fungal spores. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Genetically Determined Height and Risk of Non-hodgkin Lymphoma

Although the evidence is not consistent, epidemiologic studies have suggested that taller adult height may be associated with an increased risk of some non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes. Height is largely determined by genetic factors, but how these genetic factors may contribute to NHL risk is unknown. We investigated the relationship between genetic determinants of height and NHL risk using data from eight genome-wide association studies (GWAS) comprising 10,629 NHL cases, including 3,857 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 2,847 follicular lymphoma (FL), 3,100 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 825 marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) cases, and 9,505 controls of European ancestry. We evaluated genetically predicted height by constructing polygenic risk scores using 833 height-associated SNPs. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for association between genetically determined height and the risk of four NHL subtypes in each GWAS and then used fixed-effect meta-analysis to combine subtype results across studies. We found suggestive evidence between taller genetically determined height and increased CLL risk (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00–1.17, p = 0.049), which was slightly stronger among women (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01–1.31, p = 0.036). No significant associations were observed with DLBCL, FL, or MZL. Our findings suggest that there may be some shared genetic factors between CLL and height, but other endogenous or environmental factors may underlie reported epidemiologic height associations with other subtypes