PANORAMA ATUAL DE ATENDIMENTO À EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL BRASILEIRA

O presente trabalho discute a temática da Educação Infantil, primeira etapa da Educação Básica (LDBEN 1996), analisando o panorama atual de atendimento a esse nível de ensino. Com base nos dados atuais do censo escolar, foi traçado um perfil dos estudantes. Utilizou-se como procedimento metodológico a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os dados da pesquisa foram retirados dos seguintes documentos: Anuário Brasileiro da Educação Básica 2013 e do Plano Nacional de Educação - PNE 2014-2024. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitem a conclusão de que existe um perfil predominante das crianças que frequentam a Educação Infantil brasileira, em sua maioria: crianças brancas, moradoras de região urbana e economicamente favorecidas, com maior frequência à pré-escola em detrimento do segmento creche

Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is a major international public health problem. One-third of the world's population is thought to have latent tuberculosis, a condition where individuals are infected by the intracellular bacteria without active disease but are at risk for reactivation, if their immune system fails. Here, we discuss the role of nonspecific inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines and chemokines induced by interaction of innate receptors expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We also review current information regarding the importance of several cytokines including IL-17/IL-23 in the development of protective cellular and antibody-mediated protective responses against Mtb and their influence in containment of the infection. Finally, in this paper, emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of failure of Mtb control, including the immune dysregulation induced by the treatment with biological drugs in different autoimmune diseases. Further functional studies, focused on the mechanisms involved in the early host-Mtb interactions and the interplay between host innate and acquired immunity against Mtb, may be helpful to improve the understanding of protective responses in the lung and in the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic tools in TB

Cell-specific synaptic plasticity induced by network oscillations

Gamma rhythms are known to contribute to the process of memory encoding. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and network levels. Using local field potential recording in awake behaving mice and concomitant field potential and whole-cell recordings in slice preparations we found that gamma rhythms lead to activity-dependent modification of hippocampal networks, including alterations in sharp wave- ripple complexes. Network plasticity, expressed as long-lasting increases in sharp wave-associated synaptic currents, exhibits enhanced excitatory synaptic strength in pyramidal cells that is induced postsynaptically and depends on metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 activation. In sharp contrast, alteration of inhibitory synaptic strength is independent of postsynaptic activation and less pronounced. Further, we found a cell type-specific, directionally biased synaptic plasticity of two major types of GABAergic cells, parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons. Thus, we propose that gamma frequency oscillations represent a network state that introduces long-lasting synaptic plasticity in a cell-specific manner

ADESÃO ÀS BOAS PRÁTICAS OBSTÉTRICAS: CONSTRUÇÃO DA ASSISTÊNCIA QUALIFICADA EM MATERNIDADES-ESCOLAS

Objetivo: analisar a frequência da realização das boas práticas obstétricas em maternidades-escolas. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e documental, de abordagem quantitativa, que analisou 428 prontuários. Resultados: 90,91% das parturientes possuíam acompanhante, 81,82% alimentou-se, 82,50% pariu em posição verticalizada e 83,12% teve contato pele a pele. O clampeamento precoce apresentou-se em 28,90%, e 44,17% usaram ocitocina sintética. Foram observados a amniotomia (15,00%), o uso do partograma (37,50%) e aplicação de métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor (43,18%). Conclusão: nas maternidades-escolas analisadas, a frequência da realização das boas práticas obstétricas ocorria de forma mais criteriosa em alguns casos, mas ainda seria necessária adequação da assistência.Descritores: Parto Humanizado. Tocologia. Enfermagem Obstétrica

The Biochemical Anatomy of Cortical Inhibitory Synapses

Classical electron microscopic studies of the mammalian brain revealed two major classes of synapses, distinguished by the presence of a large postsynaptic density (PSD) exclusively at type 1, excitatory synapses. Biochemical studies of the PSD have established the paradigm of the synapse as a complex signal-processing machine that controls synaptic plasticity. We report here the results of a proteomic analysis of type 2, inhibitory synaptic complexes isolated by affinity purification from the cerebral cortex. We show that these synaptic complexes contain a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, neural cell-scaffolding and adhesion molecules, but that they are entirely lacking in cell signaling proteins. This fundamental distinction between the functions of type 1 and type 2 synapses in the nervous system has far reaching implications for models of synaptic plasticity, rapid adaptations in neural circuits, and homeostatic mechanisms controlling the balance of excitation and inhibition in the mature brain

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with active infection not associated with periodontal or liver disease severity

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly transmitted by parenteral route, being blood transfusion and intravenous drug use the most frequent risk factors. However, it has been suggested that there are other routes of transmission. There are several studies where HCV RNA has been detected in saliva of patients infected with HCV, and epidemiological studies have proposed the dental treatments as possible risk factors for HCV transmission. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with active infection and associating with periodontal or liver disease. METHODS: Patients with quantifiable HCV-RNA in serum were enrolled in the study. Periodontal disease was assessed using the modified gingival index (MGI). Presence of dental plaque was assessed with the use of disclosing tablets. Patients were clinically and laboratory evaluated to identify the stage of liver disease, the HCV RNA was determinate in saliva by nested RT-PCR. To determine associations between different parameters univariate and multivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included. Of these patients, 21 (46.6%) had hepatitis, 23 (51.1%) had cirrhosis and one patient (2.4%) presented hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral loads in serum ranged from 2.31–6.68 log IU/ml with a mean of 5.46 log IU/ml (95% CI 5.23–5.70). HCV RNA was positive in saliva of 29 patients (64.4%) and was not detected in 16 (35.6%). For univariate analysis three independent variables were associated with the detection of HCV-RNA in saliva: gender, viral load and dental plaque and multivariate analysis only one independent variable viral load >5.17 log IU/mL remained significantly associated with the detection of HCV in saliva (p = 0.0002). A statistical difference was observed when viral load was analyzed, log 5.85 IU/mL (95% CI 5.67–6.02) for patients with HCV in saliva vs. log 4.77 IU/mL (95% CI 4.35–5.19) for patients without HCV in saliva (p = 0.0001). The detection of HCV-RNA in saliva was more frequent in patients with relatively high serum viral loads. CONCLUSION: HCV-RNA in saliva was associated with the level of serum viral load but not with periodontal or liver disease severity

Matéria seca, carbono e nitrogênio de raízes de soja e milho em plantio direto e convencional

The objective of this work was to examine whether soil tillage systems affect the distribution and accumulation of dry matter (DM), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of root systems of soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) in a clayey Typic Haplorthox. Volumetric rings were used for root sampling down to 1 m depth. The distribution in depth and accumulation of DM, C and N of soybean and corn roots were not affected by soil tillage systems. Root length density was 0.7–1.4 cm cm-3 for soybean and 1.2–1.6 cm cm-3 for corn in the 0–0.10 m layer and decreased in the other layers. Root DM input was 1.94–2.01 Mg ha-1 in soybean and 2.50–3.79 Mg ha-1 in corn. For soybean, C and N root inputs were 0.61–0.63 Mg ha-1 and 36.9–38.2 kg ha-1, respectively. For corn, C and N root inputs were 0.72–1.10 Mg ha-1 and 18.78–28.48 kg ha-1, respectively. Independently of the tillage system, 80% of the roots were concentrated in the upper surface layer 0.43 to 0.54 m deep for soybean and in the upper surface layer 0.40 to 0.46 m deep for corn.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o sistema de preparo do solo afeta a distribuição e o acúmulo de matéria seca (MS), carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) das raízes de soja (Glycine max) e milho (Zea mays), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico muito argiloso. A amostragem das raízes até 1 m de profundidade foi feita com anéis volumétricos. A distribuição em profundidade e o acúmulo de MS, C e N das raízes não foram influenciados pelo preparo do solo. A densidade de comprimento de raízes na camada de 0–0,10 m foi de 0,7 a 1,4 cm cm-3 em soja, e de 1,2 a 1,6 cm cm-3 em milho, e decresceu nas demais camadas. O acúmulo de MS das raízes foi de 1,94 a 2,01 Mg ha-1 em soja, e de 2,50 a 3,79 Mg ha-1 em milho. Houve acúmulo de 0,61 a 0,63 Mg ha-1 de C e de 36,9 a 38,2 kg ha-1 de N em soja, e de 0,72 a 1,10 Mg ha-1 de C e de 18,78 a 28,48 kg ha-1 de N em milho. Independentemente do sistema de preparo do solo, 80% das raízes situam-se entre 0,43 e 0,54 m de profundidade em soja, e entre 0,40 e 0,46 m em milho