Los privilegios de Berbeia y Barrio: elites, memoria y poder en Lantarón durante el siglo X

Una reflexión sobre el carácter y el contenido de los conocidos «fueros» de Berbeia y Barrio sirve como coartada para desarrollar una triple reflexión que incluye las formas de transmisión textual entre la sociedad laica y los archivos eclesiásticos, la geografía de las fuentes escritas en el condado de Lantarón durante el siglo X y, por último, las complejas dinámicas sociales y políticas que fueron dibujándose entre autoridad condal, elites, comunidades rurales e instituciones eclesiásticas durante la primera mitad de ese siglo. Todo ello permite analizar las paulatinas modificaciones en las formas de distinción social en los ámbitos locales y los modos en los que se desarrollaron las relaciones políticas entre las elites y las estructuras del poder central que, estudiadas en su conjunto, iluminan una fase crucial en la configuración de los poderes señoriales a ellas ligados y en la representación local y subregional del dominio político de los condes

Apuntes sobre la organización jurisdiccional del territorio vizcaíno en los siglos XII-XIV

[ES] Este artículo trata de evaluar el contexto político-social en el que vieron la luz las primeras estructuras urbanas del señorío de Vizcaya, analizando en modo particular los casos de las villas de Orduña y Bilbao, fundadas en el último cuarto del siglo XII y en el año 1300 respectivamente. De igual modo, se interpretan las relaciones mantenidas por ambas con las estructuras señoriales y los centros de población del territorio circundante, con la intención de aportar una nueva visión a la relación dialéctica entre los centros urbanos y su hinterhnd rural en Vizcaya durante los siglos XII al XIV.[EN] This paper aims at exploring the socio-political context in which were shaping the first urban structures in Biscay. It is focused on the analysis of two of the most significant towns in that area, such as Orduña and Bilbao, which were respectively founded in the last quarter of twelfth century and in 1300. The article points out the relationships that theses towns developed with the rural lordships and with the settlements placed around them, making a new view about the dialectical links between urban centres and their rural hinterland in Biscay from twelfth to fourteenth centuries

The mutation informal. Reflections on two Recent Books about the Regnum Italiae (1080-1130)

The political and social changes observed in the Kingdom of Italy between the middle of the 11th Century and the middle of the 12th Century have concentrated, in the last decades, many studies. Studies which have favored some debates on the characteristics with which such transformations, and its chronologies, are defined. This article aims to consider two recent works on the regnum Italiae (1080-1130) to observe, through the emergence of the communes and the maturation of the rural lordship, the spaces and languages of change which have developed through the informality of their political solutions.Los cambios políticos y sociales observables en el reino de Italia entre mediados del siglo XI y mediados del siglo XII han concentrado una gran cantidad de estudios en los últimos años que han favorecido, a su vez, algunos debates en torno a las cronologías en las que colocar y a los caracteres con que definir tales transformaciones. En este artículo se tienen en consideración dos recientes obras sobre el centro-norte de la península italiana con el objeto de observar, a través del nacimiento de las comunas y de la maduración de los señoríos rurales, un momento de cambio que fue lentamente desarrollándose a través de la informalidad de sus soluciones políticas

La organización territorial en Emilia en la transición de la Tardoantigüedad a la Alta Edad Media (siglos VI-X)

RESUMEN: El presente artículo pretende interpretar las lógicas del poblamiento en Emilia desde la desestructuración del Imperio Romano (siglo V) y hasta el lento instaurarse de las nuevas formas de encuadramiento de la sociedad observables a partir de la primeros decenios del siglo XI. Además, el principal objeto de interpretación histórica serán las comunidades locales (sus caracteres internos, su propia capacidad política, etc.) en su evolución diacrónica, intentando con ello ofrecer una imagen alejada de los postulados de la historiografía tradicional, atenta a diseccionar los procesos sociales, políticos y los sistemas de poblamiento basándose únicamente en la imagen que sobre los mismos ofrecen los poderes centrales.ABSTRACT: This work analyses the patterns of settlement in Emilia from the Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Moreover, the aim of this paper consist in the study of the diacronical evolution and caracters of the local comunities rooted in the castra and in the fines of our territories, making a new view about the dialectical links between the central and local powers, distant from the theoretical and methodological approaches of the traditional italian historiography.</p

Towards a Trans-Regional Approach to Early Medieval Iberia

The past few decades have witnessed great change in the study of the early Middle Ages in the Northern Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese historiographies have moved away from older grand narratives such as ‘Reconquest and Repopulation’, which traced a centuries-long process encompassing the ultimate victory of Christianity over Islam and the construction of distinct nations or national societies. The basic tenets of these and other essentialist approaches to a period traditionally seen as the cradle of Spain and Portugal have been questioned and now superseded by a clearer awareness of the territorial diversity characterising the 8th to 11th centuries. Yet the ballast of both nationalism and regionalism has obstructed meaningful comparison amongst the Iberian regions to date. Drawing on the work of the research group EarlyMedIberia, this article argues for a new trans-regional approach to Northern Iberia, looking beyond political and geographical boundaries to consider the whole in a comparative light, and stressing the commonalities between regional and local societies. It does so by providing an overview of the extant charter material from before 1100 (indicating the principal editions) and by reviewing the major historiography. The conclusion proposes a closer assessment of the differences and similarities amongst regional historiographies, based on a more nuanced understanding of how they have been moulded by the specificities of the charter corpus in each region, as the first step towards a more integrated, contextualised, and rigorously comparative approach to the early Middle Ages in Northern Iberia

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Genomic history of coastal societies from eastern South America

Sambaqui (shellmound) societies are among the most intriguing archaeological phenomena in pre-colonial South America, extending from approximately 8,000 to 1,000 years before present (yr bp) across 3,000 km on the Atlantic coast. However, little is known about their connection to early Holocene hunter-gatherers, how this may have contributed to different historical pathways and the processes through which late Holocene ceramists came to rule the coast shortly before European contact. To contribute to our understanding of the population history of indigenous societies on the eastern coast of South America, we produced genome-wide data from 34 ancient individuals as early as 10,000 yr bp from four different regions in Brazil. Early Holocene hunter-gatherers were found to lack shared genetic drift among themselves and with later populations from eastern South America, suggesting that they derived from a common radiation and did not contribute substantially to later coastal groups. Our analyses show genetic heterogeneity among contemporaneous Sambaqui groups from the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast, contrary to the similarity expressed in the archaeological record. The complex history of intercultural contact between inland horticulturists and coastal populations becomes genetically evident during the final horizon of Sambaqui societies, from around 2,200 yr bp, corroborating evidence of cultural change