Improving the phototoxicity of the zinc phthalocyanine by encapsulation in nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and phototherapy studies

Nanoparticles are widely utilized to overcome drugs insolubility problems and sustain release improving the bioavailability. Zinc phthalocyanine, a hydrophobic photosensitizer with solubility problems, was loaded in PLA nanoparticles. Photosensitizer loaded in polymeric nanoparticles was produced with the following characteristics: size in the 200-300 nm range, negative zeta potential (-15 to -19 mV), low polydispersity index (2 ) or incubation time (2 to 4 h). The phototoxicity of the zinc phthalocyanine was improved by encapsulation in nanoparticles and this nanocarrier is a promising delivery system for photodynamic therapy use.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Hospitalização por pneumonia: influência de fatores socioeconômicos e gestacionais em uma coorte de crianças no Sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos e gestacionais sobre a hospitalização por pneumonia no período pós-neonatal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Longitudinal. Crianças com idade entre 28 e 364 dias, nascidas na cidade de Pelotas, RS (Brasil), em 1993. A definição de caso foi a permanência em ambiente hospitalar por um período igual ou superior a 24 horas em conseqüência de pneumonia. Foi aplicado delineamento longitudinal. RESULTADOS: Dentre as 5.304 crianças da coorte, 152 (2,9%) foram hospitalizadas por pneumonia no período. O valor preditivo positivo do diagnóstico clínico comparado com o radiológico alcançou 76%. A análise através de regressão logística mostrou que a classe social e a escolaridade materna estiveram forte e inversamente associadas à admissão hospitalar. Filhos de mães adolescentes tiveram risco duplicado à internação; paridade igual ou superior a três representou risco 2,8 vezes maior em relação às mães primíparas; ganho de peso inferior a 10 kg durante a gestação implicou risco cerca de 40% maior à hospitalização. CONCLUSÕES: A classe social e a escolaridade materna foram os principais determinantes da hospitalização. Idade e paridade materna e o ganho de peso durante a gestação foram também fatores de risco importantes.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of socioeconomic and gestational factors on admission due to pneumonia in the post-neonatal period. METHODOLOGY: Cohort. Children born in the city Pelotas, Brazil, in 1993. Cases were children admitted to hospital for 24 hours or more, between the ages of 28 and 364 days, with a diagnosis of pneumonia. RESULTS: Of the 5,304 children in the cohort, 152 (2.9%) were hospitalized with pneumonia. The positive preditive value of the clinical diagnosis compared to the radiological assessment was 76%. Analysis by conditional logistic regression showed that social class and maternal schooling were strongly inversely associated with pneumonia. Children of adolescent mothers were twice as likely to be admitted. The relative risk for children whose mothers were of parity three or greater was 2.8 relative to primiparae. Maternal weight gain during pregnancy of less than 10 kg was associated with a 40% increase in risk. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors were important determinants of pneumonia admissions. Maternal age, parity and weight gain were also significant risk factors

Evaluation of the antioxidant and phototoxic potentials of Bauhinia microstachya var. massambabensis Vaz leaf extracts

Four different leaf extracts of B. microstachya var. massambabensis were studied to evaluate their antioxidant capacity by using three in vitro methods, with Ginkgo biloba and Trolox® as the standards. With the DPPH and ABTS·+ methods, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was in the following order, from maximum to minimum: AcEt > WAc > raw EtOH > EtOH CA > EGb, while with the ORAC method, it was as follows: EtOH CA > raw EtOH > AcEt > WAc > EGb. Phototoxic analysis was performed in yeast cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From the ethyl acetate extract, 2 flavonoids kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and astragalin-2”,6”-O-digallate were isolated and identified by HPLC and 1H- and 13C-NMR; to our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of astragalin-2”,6”-O-digallate in the Bauhinia genus.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Genome of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Strain SmR1, a Specialized Diazotrophic Endophyte of Tropical Grasses

The molecular mechanisms of plant recognition, colonization, and nutrient exchange between diazotrophic endophytes and plants are scarcely known. Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium capable of colonizing intercellular spaces of grasses such as rice and sugar cane. The genome of H. seropedicae strain SmR1 was sequenced and annotated by The Paraná State Genome Programme—GENOPAR. The genome is composed of a circular chromosome of 5,513,887 bp and contains a total of 4,804 genes. The genome sequence revealed that H. seropedicae is a highly versatile microorganism with capacity to metabolize a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources and with possession of four distinct terminal oxidases. The genome contains a multitude of protein secretion systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI secretion systems, and type IV pili, suggesting a high potential to interact with host plants. H. seropedicae is able to synthesize indole acetic acid as reflected by the four IAA biosynthetic pathways present. A gene coding for ACC deaminase, which may be involved in modulating the associated plant ethylene-signaling pathway, is also present. Genes for hemagglutinins/hemolysins/adhesins were found and may play a role in plant cell surface adhesion. These features may endow H. seropedicae with the ability to establish an endophytic life-style in a large number of plant species

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe