Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Making Mobility a Market: An Economic Sociology of Migration Brokerage

A.S. S. Making Mobility a Market: An Economic Sociology of Migration Brokerage. DuEPublico: Duisburg-Essen Publications online, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; 2023

Female Employers and their Maids in New Delhi: ‘This is Our Culture’

Basnet C, A.S. S. Female Employers and their Maids in New Delhi: ‘This is Our Culture’. South Asia Research. 2020;40(2):282-298.The domestic labour market in India reflects how various classes of women manage their daily lives, whether as employers of domestic workers or as employees. The cultural underpinnings of various intersecting relationships implicated in this scenario have remained underresearched in India. Based on a qualitative study in a specific neighbourhood of New Delhi, this article shows that certain cultural strategies pursued by female employers explain their differential behaviour towards specific groups of maids. Observing that these female employers in Delhi prefer Nepali maids over native Indians, even if the latter are willing to work for lower wages, we set out to analyse why and how these employers evaluate immigrant Nepali maids as sharing ‘our’ culture, while native Indians are classified as the cultural ‘other’

Humorous Masculinity

Perera S, Pathak DN, Sandhya AS, Adkar C. Humorous Masculinity. In: Humour and the Performance of Power in South Asia. Anxiety, Laughter and Politics in Unstable Times. London: Routledge India; 2021: 139-155.Stereotypical representations of socially marginalised groups have been historically used towards the ‘othering’ of certain communities. This chapter explores the use of humour in such representations to understand how laughter is performed to draw social boundaries with the marginalised other. The Indian male gaze cast upon the Nepali man is at the center of this discussion. We use the framework of the superiority theory of humour and problematise the ‘gaze’ to trace the impact of race relations embedded in colonial history and the present-day migrant-class status of the Nepali male subject, on his stereotypical portrayal. The arguments unravelling the imagination of this caricature are built upon examples from three distinct sites of humour. We begin with the examination of text-based jokes forwarded through mass-messaging platforms and then proceed to look at how these portrayals are captured in visual media and in the cinematic experience. Lastly, we analyse ‘cringe pop’ on social media in search of the Indian male gaze when the visibility of this stereotypical Nepali man has waned up to an extent. The gaze that is cast upon the subject of such humour is understood in terms of what becomes a hegemonic ideal of masculinity and the laughter that follows further legitimises this exercise of power

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Not AvailableGrowth, mortality and stock parameters of Johnieops sina was assessed based on the length frequency data collected from Ratnagiri during 2009-11. The growth parameters were estimated as L∞ = 266 mm, K = 0.9 y-1 and t0 = -0.002 years. Mortality coefficients Z, M and F were estimated as 7.03, 1.81 and 5.22 respectively. The exploitation rate ‘E’ was very high at 0.74. Virtual population analysis followed by Thompson and Bell analysis indicated that there is no decline in the catch at the present level of fishing, but further increase in effort may not be good for the stock in the long run.Not Availabl