Ontogenetic Expression of Sonic Hedgehog in the Chicken Subpallium

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a secreted signaling factor that is implicated in the molecular patterning of the central nervous system (CNS), somites, and limbs in vertebrates. SHH has a crucial role in the generation of ventral cell types along the entire rostrocaudal axis of the neural tube. It is secreted early in development by the axial mesoderm (prechordal plate and notochord) and the overlying ventral neural tube. Recent studies clarified the impact of SHH signaling mechanisms on dorsoventral patterning of the spinal cord, but the corresponding phenomena in the rostral forebrain are slightly different and more complex. This notably involves separate Shh expression in the preoptic part of the forebrain alar plate, as well as in the hypothalamic floor and basal plates. The present work includes a detailed spatiotemporal description of the singular alar Shh expression pattern in the rostral preoptic forebrain of chick embryos, comparing it with FoxG1, Dlx5, Nkx2.1, and Nkx2.2 mRNA expression at diverse stages of development. As a result of this mapping, we report a subdivision of the preoptic region in dorsal and ventral zones; only the dorsal part shows Shh expression. The positive area impinges as well upon a median septocommissural preoptic domain. Our study strongly suggests tangential migration of Shh-positive cells from the preoptic region into other subpallial domains, particularly into the pallidal mantle and the intermediate septum

Una “Farmacia Virtual” en Internet

The Purpose of this study has been to create and implement a Web page for teaching purposes and pharmaceutical service taking advantage of use of Internet’s potentialities. The created Web page is called “Virtual Pharmacy” and includes several interesting issues: customer’s attention, search (in Internet) and teaching topis from the subject Private Pharmacy. This page has become part of regular teaching and has been favourably accepted by undergraduate students, health professionals, and user in general.El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la creación, elaboración e instalación de una página Web de información farmacéutica de uso docente y servicio farmacéutico utilizando y aprovechando las capacidades de Internert. La página creada se llama “Farmacia Virtual” y contiene diversos temas de interés: atención al público, búsquedas (en Internet) y algunas clases de la asignatura de Farmacia Privada. Esta página se incorporó a la docencia siendo evaluada con muy buena aceptación de parte de los estudiantes de pregrado, profesionales de la salud y público en general

Multifunctional albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters for the reduction of cancer stem cells

Controlled delivery of multiple chemotherapeutics can improve the effectiveness of treatments and reduce side effects and relapses. Here in, we used albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters modified with doxorubicin and SN38 (AuNCs-DS) as combined therapy for cancer. The chemotherapeutics are conjugated to the nanostructures using linkers that release them when exposed to different internal stimuli (Glutathione and pH). This system has shown potent antitumor activity against breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Our studies indicate that the antineoplastic activity observed may be related to the reinforced DNA damage generated by the combination of the drugs. Moreover, this system presented antineoplastic activity against mammospheres, a culturing model for cancer stem cells, leading to an efficient reduction of the number of oncospheres and their size. In summary, the nanostructures reported here are promising carriers for combination therapy against cancer and particularly to cancer stem cells.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTQ2016-78454-C2-2-R, SAF2014-56763-R, and SAF2017-87305-R), Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/MIT-2850), Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, and IMDEA Nanociencia IMDEA Nanociencia acknowledges support from the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (MINECO, Grant SEV-2016-0686

Conocimiento y actitudes en relación al código de ética y deontología en internos de pregrado de Medicina Humana, Lambayeque 2023

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento y actitudes en relación al Código de Ética y Deontología en Internos de Pregrado de Medicina Humana, Lambayeque 2023. Metodológicamente, se trató de una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo, correlacional, no experimental y transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 290 Médicos Internos de Pregrado, los cuales ejercieron sus actividades en el periodo enero 2022 – diciembre 2022, de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra de 166. La técnica empleada en esta investigación fue la encuesta y sus instrumentos (Uno para cada variable) fueron construidos con las dimensiones identificadas por Majdor A, Herring J, Wheeler R. en su obra “Medical Ethics and Law” y por Ter, Marieke y Lissenberg-Witte, Birgit en su obra “A Quick Guide on How to Conduct Medical Research”. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el 92,9% de los Médicos Internos de Pregrado consultados conocen y poseen el Código de Ética y Deontología del Colegio Médico del Perú en alguna de sus formas, (virtual, digital o impresa) y solo un 7.1% declaró ignorar sobre la materia. Asimismo, el 88,2% declaró que la formación ética fue adquirida durante sus cursos regulares proporcionados por sus respectivas casas de estudio. En relación al nivel de conocimientos de los internos de medicina de la Región Lambayeque respecto al Código de Ética y Deontología, un 32.35% reflejan un nivel deficiente; un 28.8% regular, un 27.65% declaran poseer un nivel bueno y solo un 11.18% manifiestan tener un conocimiento muy bueno. Finalmente, se concluye que, si bien se maneja el Código de Ética y Deontología, existe un alto porcentaje que desconoce de su aplicación práctica, lo que representa un serio problema para el adecuado ejercicio de la profesión médica.TesisCiencias de la vida y cuidado de la salud human

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Fgf10(+) progenitors give rise to the chick hypothalamus by rostral and caudal growth and differentiation

Classical descriptions of the hypothalamus divide it into three rostro-caudal domains but little is known about their embryonic origins. To investigate this we performed targeted fate-mapping, molecular characterisation and cell cycle analyses in the embryonic chick. Presumptive hypothalamic cells derive from the rostral diencephalic ventral midline, lie above the prechordal mesendoderm and express Fgf10Fgf10(+) progenitors undergo anisotropic growth: those displaced rostrally differentiate into anterior cells, then those displaced caudally differentiate into mammillary cells. A stable population of Fgf10(+) progenitors is retained within the tuberal domain, a subset of these give rise to the tuberal infundibulum, the precursor of the posterior pituitary. Pharmacological approaches reveal that Shh signalling promotes the growth and differentiation of anterior progenitors and also orchestrates the development of the infundibulum and Rathke's pouch, the precursor of the anterior pituitary. Together our studies identify a hypothalamic progenitor population defined by Fgf10 and highlight a role for Shh signalling in the integrated development of the hypothalamus and pituitary

The Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS) Balances Life and Death in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Populations

When environmental conditions deteriorate and become inhospitable, generic survival strategies for populations of bacteria may be to enter a dormant state that slows down metabolism, to develop a general tolerance to hostile parameters that characterize the habitat, and to impose a regime to eliminate damaged members. Here, we provide evidence that the pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) mediates induction of all of these phenotypes. For individual cells, PQS, an interbacterial signaling molecule of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has both deleterious and beneficial activities: on the one hand, it acts as a pro-oxidant and sensitizes the bacteria towards oxidative and other stresses and, on the other, it efficiently induces a protective anti-oxidative stress response. We propose that this dual function fragments populations into less and more stress tolerant members which respond differentially to developing stresses in deteriorating habitats. This suggests that a little poison may be generically beneficial to populations, in promoting survival of the fittest, and in contributing to bacterial multi-cellular behavior. It further identifies PQS as an essential mediator of the shaping of the population structure of Pseudomonas and of its response to and survival in hostile environmental conditions

Adhesive/Repulsive Codes in Vertebrate Forebrain Morphogenesis.

The last fifteen years have seen the identification of some of the mechanisms involved in anterior neural plate specification, patterning, and morphogenesis, which constitute the first stages in the formation of the forebrain. These studies have provided us with a glimpse into the molecular mechanisms that drive the development of an embryonic structure, and have resulted in the realization that cell segregation in the anterior neural plate is essential for the accurate progression of forebrain morphogenesis. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of mechanisms of cell segregation during forebrain development, with and emphasis on the impact of this process on the morphogenesis of one of the anterior neural plate derivatives, the eyes