Une note sur l'origine du concept des huit categories d'esprits

Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines Number 2, April 200

Some results on uniqueness of an entire function with its shift difference

In the paper, we have shown that every entire solution of the differential difference equation $\Delta_{\eta}^{m}f-Q_1=(\Delta_{\eta}^{k}f-Q_{2})e^{P}$ satisfy hyper order of $f=$degree of $P$ and using this result we prove differential difference counter part Br\"uck conjecture. Also we have proved differential difference counter part Br\"uck conjecture for the special case of hyper order of $f<\frac{1}{2}$.Comment: 6 page

On the Growth of Higher Order Complex Linear Differential Equations Solutions with Entire and Meromorphic Coefficients

[EN] We revisit the problem of studying the solutions growth order in complex higher order linear differential equations with entire and meromorphic coefficients of p,q-order, proving how it is related to the growth of the coefficient of the unknown function under adequate assumptions. Our study improves the previous results due to J. Liu - J. Tu - L. Z Shi, L.M. Li - T.B. Cao, and others.Sánchez Ruiz, LM.; Datta, SK.; Tamang, S.; Biswas, N. (2021). On the Growth of Higher Order Complex Linear Differential Equations Solutions with Entire and Meromorphic Coefficients. Mathematics. 9(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9010058S1109

An annotated translation of the Treasury of Good Sayings (Legs-bshad-mdzod).

The work of which I here offer a partial translation is a history of the Bon religion from its origins down to the lifetime of the author (1859-1935). The sections which I have left Untranslated are those dealing with the origins of the religion. I have preferred to limit myself to the sections concerning the spread of Bon (approximately the second half of the work) on the grounds that these are the sections most likely to be of interest to historians. The translated sections, therefore, concern the spread of Bon. The work divides this into three phases, interruption having been brought about by persecution and abolition on two occasions. The reassembly of the textual material dispersed at these times is a major object of attention. The sources of the work are numerous and varied and it is the principal aim of my notes to indicate them as fully as possible. In an introduction I have tried to make some assessment of the historical value of the work, to consider the extent of its reliability and factual accuracy, to define its scope and note its limitations

Identification of N-formylated Peptides with Neutrophilic Chemotactic Activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Neutrophil infiltration of the lungs is associated with granuloma formation and the severity of tuberculosis infection. Although several cytokines and chemokines are known to contribute to lung neutrophil infiltration, the neutrophilic chemotactic factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) remain unexplored. Therefore, we performed Transwell based chemotactic assays using neutrophils from human peripheral blood and mouse bone marrow to probe the chemotactic activity of the culture filtrates (CF) of Mtb H37Rv. CF of H37Rv induced chemotaxis of both human and mouse neutrophils, and this was also confirmed with CF of 9 clinical isolates and Erdman strain of Mtb with neutrophil chemotactic activity. Sulfasalazine, an N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptor inhibitor, blocked the chemotaxis of neutrophils induced by CF of Mtb , thus indicating the involvement of the fMLF receptor in Mtb CF induced chemotaxis of neutrophils. Mass spectrometry analysis of CF of H37Rv identified three candidate N-formylated heptapeptides. The chemotactic activity of the identified peptides was confirmed with their synthetic mimetics that they induced neutrophil chemotaxis in a manner dependent on N-terminal formylation. For all formylated peptides and CF of Mtb, the induced Ca 2+ influx in neutrophils was suppressed by sulfasalazine. Thus, we identified novel formylated Mtb peptides with neutrophil chemotactic activity

Water-based therapies of Bhutan: current practices and the recorded clinical evidence of Balneotherapy

Medical water therapy (also called medical hydrology) is practiced worldwide both for relaxation and treatment of diseases. While this practice is still thriving in Bhutan, there is a lack of proper documentation and critical study. Therefore, the current study reports on the water therapies practiced in Bhutan and their health benefits. We used four-stage process: (1) a review of literature on balneotherapy (both traditional textbooks and scientific papers); (2) listing and surveying the hot springs, mineral, and holy spring waters; (3) reviewing the health records of the patients maintained at the traditional hospitals and interviewing traditional physicians and patients about health benefits; and (4) reviewing available literature to identify existing clinical trials data to provide evidence for hydrotherapies. We found three main forms of hydrotherapies are practiced in Bhutan, which comprises herbal bath therapy, balneotherapy, and spiritually empowered waters.The most popular hydrotherapies are herbal bath and hot spring therapies. Herbal bath therapy needs traditional physicians' prescriptions, while hot springs do not require it. Through field surveys, ten different hot springs (tsha-chu) and 17 medicinal water or mineral springs (sman-chu), and 17 holy spring-waters (sgrub-chu) were identified. In general, medical water therapies are used by the Bhutanese people to treat various ailments, including gastritis, neurological disorders, arthritis, dermatological diseases, and rheumatological and musculoskeletal disorders. Even though a lack of scientific evidence makes it difficult to draw concrete conclusions on their traditionally claimed efficacy and safety, there are clinical evidences documented from other countries

Polyfunctionalised bio- and geohopanoids in the Eocene Cobham Lignite

Effects of dust extract, antioxidants and protease inhibitors on cytotoxicity. A549 (A and B) and Beas2B (C and D) cells were incubated with medium (C), CDDOIm for 3 h or 30 mM dimethylthiourea (DMTU) for 1 h and then treated with or without 0.25 % dust extract (DE) for 3 h or treated with α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) alone, soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) alone, or in combination with 0.25 % dust extract for 3 h. Effects on cytotoxicity were determined by MTS assay by measuring optical density at 490 nm. Data shown are means ± SD of duplicate measurements. Similar results were obtained in a second independent experiment. (TIF 1520 kb

Networked T Cell Death following Macrophage Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Depletion of T cells following infection by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (Mtb) impairs disease resolution, and interferes with clinical test performance that relies on cell-mediated immunity. A number of mechanisms contribute to this T cell suppression, such as activation-induced death and trafficking of T cells out of the peripheral circulation and into the diseased lungs. The extent to which Mtb infection of human macrophages affects T cell viability however, is not well characterised.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We found that lymphopenia (<1.5×10⁹ cells/l) was prevalent among culture-positive tuberculosis patients, and lymphocyte counts significantly improved post-therapy. We previously reported that Mtb-infected human macrophages resulted in death of infected and uninfected bystander macrophages. In the current study, we sought to examine the influence of infected human alveolar macrophages on T cells. We infected primary human alveolar macrophages (the primary host cell for Mtb) or PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells with Mtb H37Ra, then prepared cell-free supernatants. The supernatants of Mtb-infected macrophages caused dose-dependent, caspase-dependent, T cell apoptosis. This toxic effect of infected macrophage secreted factors did not require TNF-α or Fas. The supernatant cytotoxic signal(s) were heat-labile and greater than 50 kDa in molecular size. Although ESAT-6 was toxic to T cells, other Mtb-secreted factors tested did not influence T cell viability; nor did macrophage-free Mtb bacilli or broth from Mtb cultures. Furthermore, supernatants from <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em> Bacille de Calmette et Guerin (BCG)- infected macrophages also elicited T cell death suggesting that ESAT-6 itself, although cytotoxic, was not the principal mediator of T cell death in our system.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Mtb-Infected macrophages secrete heat-labile factors that are toxic to T cells, and may contribute to the immunosuppression seen in tuberculosis as well as interfere with microbial eradication in the granuloma.</p> </div

Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs

This article is one of a series that reassesses the dhāraṇī texts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examine dhāraṇī texts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the term dhāraṇī as a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelled dhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context of mantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed