Lemming–Food Plant Interactions, Density Effects, and Cyclic Dynamics on the Siberian Tundra

Theory predicts that trophic interactions can produce cyclic dynamics of microtine rodents, but that in addition, social interactions are necessary to create the cyclicity. We tested the induced defence hypothesis as a component driving multi-annual cycles by analyzing data on Siberian lemming (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) populations and the levels of trypsin inhibitors (TI) and free proteins (SPP) in their food plants. We collected data at 12 sites along the Palaearctic tundra coast in 1994 and correlated these measures with lemming density and cycle phase. A negative correlation between lemming density and TI/SPP in Carex was found at the 12 sites. Cycle phase tended to correlate significantly with TI/SPP, and plants being grazed by lemmings respond with some delay. Mass of pancreas, the organ producing proteolytic enzymes, co-varied negatively with TI/SPP. These findings are in accord with predictions from the induced defence hypothesis. In contrast, reproductive effort did not conform to the predictions but co-varied strongly with density. Data are in accord with theory predicting that, in addition to trophic interactions, some self-regulation is necessary to create cyclic dynamics. Our data show that the plant defence hypothesis alone is not a sufficient explanation for the cyclicity. Several factors interact, including predation, food quality (including induced defence chemicals), and intra-specific competition.En théorie, les interactions trophiques peuvent produire une dynamique cyclique de rongeurs microtinés, mais en plus de cela, il faut des interactions sociales pour donner lieu à la cyclicité. Nous avons mis à l’épreuve l’hypothèse induite de défense en tant que composante intégrale des cycles multi-annuels en analysant les données relatives aux populations de lemming brun (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) et les taux d’inhibiteurs de la trypsine (TI) et de protéines libres (SPP) se trouvant dans leur nourriture végétale. Nous avons recueilli des données à 12 emplacements le long de la côte paléarctique des toundras en 1994 et avons corrélé ces mesures à la densité des lemmings ainsi qu’à la phase du cycle. Une corrélation négative entre la densité des lemmings et TI/SPP dans Carex a été trouvée à 12 emplacements. La phase du cycle avait tendance à donner une corrélation significative avec TI/SPP, et les végétaux faisant l’objet d’un pâturage par les lemmings réagissaient avec un certain retard. Les masses de pancréas, soit l’organe producteur des enzymes protéolytiques, co-variait négativement avec TI/SPP. Ces constatations cadrent avec les prédictions émanant de l’hypothèse induite de défense. Par contre, les efforts de reproduction ne se conformaient pas aux prédictions mais co-variaient fortement en fonction de la densité. Les données sont en accord avec la théorie prédisant qu’en plus des interactions trophiques, il faut une certaine autorégulation pour créer une dynamique cyclique. Nos données montrent qu’à elle seule, l’hypothèse de défense des végétaux ne constitue pas une explication suffisante à la cyclicité. Plusieurs facteurs entrent en interaction, dont la prédation, la qualité de la nourriture (ce qui comprend les produits chimiques induits de la défense) et la compétition intraspécifique

Safety of the Deferral of Coronary Revascularization on the Basis of Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio and Fractional Flow Reserve Measurements in Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of patients deferred from coronary revascularization on the basis of instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) or fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements in stable angina pectoris (SAP) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). BACKGROUND Assessment of coronary stenosis severity with pressure guidewires is recommended to determine the need for myocardial revascularization. METHODS The safety of deferral of coronary revascularization in the pooled per-protocol population (n = 4,486) of the DEFINE-FLAIR (Functional Lesion Assessment of Intermediate Stenosis to Guide Revascularisation) and iFR-SWEDEHEART (Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Versus Fractional Flow Reserve in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris or Acute Coronary Syndrome) randomized clinical trials was investigated. Patients were stratified according to revascularization decision making on the basis of iFR or FFR and to clinical presentation (SAP or ACS). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization at 1 year. RESULTS Coronary revascularization was deferred in 2,130 patients. Deferral was performed in 1,117 patients (50%) in the iFR group and 1,013 patients (45%) in the FFR group (p <0.01). At 1 year, the MACE rate in the deferred population was similar between the iFR and FFR groups (4.12% vs. 4.05%; fully adjusted hazard ratio: 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.72 to 1.79; p = 0.60). A clinical presentation with ACS was associated with a higher MACE rate compared with SAP in deferred patients (5.91% vs. 3.64% in ACS and SAP, respectively; fully adjusted hazard ratio: 0.61 in favor of SAP; 95% confidence interval: 0.38 to 0.99; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Overall, deferral of revascularization is equally safe with both iFR and FFR, with a low MACE rate of about 4%. Lesions were more frequently deferred when iFR was used to assess physiological significance. In deferred patients presenting with ACS, the event rate was significantly increased compared with SAP at 1 year. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation.Peer reviewe

Social organization in European small mustelids

&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt; A review of the social organization in the weasel (&lt;em&gt;Mustela nivalis&lt;/em&gt;) and stoat (&lt;em&gt;M. erminea&lt;/em&gt;) is made, based mainly on my earlier mark-recapture studies on weasels and stoats and radio-tracking studies on stoats. During the non-breeding season, from September to April, the small mustelids are organized in a territorial pattern; individuals of the same sex exploit exclusive areas. The extensive male territories often include one or several female ranges. The territories are probably delineated mainly by scent marking. During the breeding season the males increase their movement activity and extend their ranges. The territorial systems brake down and male ranges generally overlap considerably. Depending on their social status, males adopt different strategies, i.c. roaming or staying, in their attempts to obtain as many matings as possible. Prey abundance and distribution are considered to be the decisive factors determining female spacing behaviour throughout the year. The great amount of food required by females when rearing young makes it rewarding to defend and use restricted areas exclusively. In males there is a seasonal change in social organization resulting from a shift in decisive resources; i.e. priority is placed on procuring receptive females during the breeding and food during the non-breeding season. &lt;strong&gt;Riassunto&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Organizzazione sociale nei piccoli mustelidi europei&lt;/strong&gt; - L'autore presenta un'analisi dell'organizzazione sociale della donnola (&lt;em&gt;Mustela nivalis&lt;/em&gt;) e dell'ermellino (&lt;em&gt;M. erminea&lt;/em&gt;), basata soprattutto sui suoi studi effettuati mediante i metodi di marcamento-ricattura per entrambe le specie e di radio-telemetria per l'ermellino. Durante la stagione non riproduttiva, da settembre ad aprile, i piccoli mustelidi sono organizzati secondo un modello territoriale: individui dello stesso sesso utilizzano aree esclusive. Gli ampi territori dei maschi spesso includono quello di una o più femmine. Probabilmente i territori sono delimitati principalmente con marcamenti odorosi (feci). Durante la stagione riproduttiva i maschi incrementano i loro movimenti e estendono le loro aree vitali. Il sistema territoriale non viene più mantenuto e le aree vitali dei maschi generalmente si sovrappongono notevolmente. In relazione al loro stato sociale, i maschi adottano differenti strategie: cioè, vagano o restano nella loro area vitale nel tentativo di avere più accoppiamenti possibile. La distribuzione e l'abbondanza delle prede sono considerati i fattori prioritari che determinano il comportamento spaziale delle femmine nell'arco dell'anno. L'elevata richiesta di cibo da parte delle femmine durante l'allevamento della prole si traduce nella difesa ed uso esclusivo di aree limitate. L'organizzazione sociale dei maschi varia stagionalmente in relazione al cambiamento delle risorse di "vitale importanza": durante la stagione riproduttiva diventa prioritario procurarsi femmine recettive, mentre durante quella non riproduttiva diventa fondamentale il cibo

Reproductive behaviour of female Siberian lemmings during the increase and peak phase of the lemming cycle

The reproduction of female Siberian lemmings in the increase and peak phases of the lemming cycle was investigated in connection with a ship-borne expedition along the Siberian arctic tundra. The cycle phase of each studied lemming population was determined using demographic analyses, i.e. current density indices (captured lemmings per 100 traps per 24 h), information on previous density (frequency of old lemming faeces and runways), and information from dendrochronological analyses revealing the most recent winters with a high intensity of willow-stem scarring caused by lemmings. The cycle phase determination was corroborated with data on the age profiles of the populations. The reproductive behaviour of female lemmings differed markedly in relation to cycle phase. In increase-phase populations, all captured females (including young and winter born) were reproducing (had embryos or were lactating), and females started to reproduce early in life, i.e. when <2 months old. By contrast, in peak-phase populations, only 6% of the young females and 63% of the winter-born ones were reproducing, and females did not start to reproduce until they were 5-6 months old. The average number of embryos per reproducing female was significantly higher in increase-phase populations than in peak-phase ones. It is concluded that the rapid population growth in lemmings during the increase phase can largely be explained by the early (young age) reproductive start and, consequently, the shorter generation time, the high proportion of females taking part in reproduction, and the large litters produced. Similarly, a delay in the start of reproduction, a lower proportion of reproducing females, and smaller litter sizes produced by peak-phase lemming populations can contribute substantially to the deceleration in the population increase and possibly lead to a decline

Synchrony in lemming and vole populations in the Canadian Arctic

Population fluctuations may occur in synchrony among several rodent species at a given site, and they may occur in synchrony over large geographical areas. We summarize information on synchrony in lemmings and voles from the Canadian Arctic for the past 20 years. The most detailed available information is from the central Canadian Arctic, where snap-trap samples have been taken annually at several sites for periods of up to 15 years. Geographical synchrony in the same species among different sites was strong, especially for the central and eastern Canadian Arctic. Synchrony among different species at a given site was also generally high. When one species is at high density, densities of all species at that site tend to be high. These results do not easily fit the mobile-predator hypothesis proposed to explain regional synchrony, and are more consistent with the weather hypothesis, which we suggest both entrains synchrony among sites and enforces synchrony among species within a site. We tentatively support the weather hypothesis for geographical synchrony in lemmings, and recommend the establishment of a circumpolar program to monitor lemming cycles and predator movements that would advance our understanding of these large-scale patterns of cyclic synchrony

Terrestrial trophic dynamics in the Canadian Arctic

The Swedish Tundra Northwest Expedition of 1999 visited 17 sites throughout the Canadian Arctic. At 12 sites that were intensively sampled we estimated the standing crop of plants and the densities of herbivores and predators with an array of trapping, visual surveys, and faecal-pellet transects. We developed a trophic-balance model using ECOPATH to integrate these observations and determine the fate of primary and secondary production in these tundra ecosystems, which spanned an 8-fold range of standing crop of plants. We estimated that about 13% of net primary production was consumed by herbivores, while over 70% of small-herbivore production was estimated to flow to predators. Only 9% of large-herbivore production was consumed by predators. Organization of Canadian Arctic ecosystems appears to be more top-down than bottom-up. Net primary production does not seem to be herbivore-limited at any site. This is the first attempt to integrate trophic dynamics over the entire Canadian Arctic

Oxygen targets and 6-month outcome after out of hospital cardiac arrest: a pre-planned sub-analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) trial

International audienceAbstract Background Optimal oxygen targets in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest are uncertain. The primary aim of this study was to describe the values of partial pressure of oxygen values (PaO 2 ) and the episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia occurring within the first 72 h of mechanical ventilation in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association of PaO 2 with patients’ outcome. Methods Preplanned secondary analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after OHCA (TTM2) trial. Arterial blood gases values were collected from randomization every 4 h for the first 32 h, and then, every 8 h until day 3. Hypoxemia was defined as PaO 2  300 mmHg. Mortality and poor neurological outcome (defined according to modified Rankin scale) were collected at 6 months. Results 1418 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 64 ± 14 years, and 292 patients (20.6%) were female. 24.9% of patients had at least one episode of hypoxemia, and 7.6% of patients had at least one episode of severe hyperoxemia. Both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were independently associated with 6-month mortality, but not with poor neurological outcome. The best cutoff point associated with 6-month mortality for hypoxemia was 69 mmHg (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.009, 95% CI 0.93–1.09), and for hyperoxemia was 195 mmHg (RR = 1.006, 95% CI 0.95–1.06). The time exposure, i.e., the area under the curve (PaO 2 -AUC), for hyperoxemia was significantly associated with mortality ( p = 0.003). Conclusions In OHCA patients, both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia are associated with 6-months mortality, with an effect mediated by the timing exposure to high values of oxygen. Precise titration of oxygen levels should be considered in this group of patients. Trial registration : clinicaltrials.gov NCT02908308 , Registered September 20, 2016