A Review of the Nonsurgical Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

The aim of this paper was to assess the nonsurgical treatment of oral leukoplakia (OL). A medline search from 1983 to 2009 was conducted. The topical or systemic nonsurgical treatments or combination of both was reviewed. The primary outcomes of interest were clinical resolution, malignant transformation, follow-up, and recurrence of OL. Studies showed a rate higher than 50% of clinical resolution with photodynamic therapy, beta-carotene, lycopene, or vitamin A. Few studies reported rates of recurrence from 5 to 67% and of malignant transformation from 8 to 23%. There is a lack of randomized clinical trials that assess the effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment of OL. At this time, randomized controlled trials for nonsurgical treatment of OL demonstrate no evidence of effective treatment in preventing malignant transformation and recurrence. It reinforces that even after clinical resolution, OL should be regularly followed

Reavaliando o acervo de artes aplicadas no MAC USP: a experiência do grupo de pesquisa “Narrativas da Arte do século XX” com a mostra “Projetos para um Cotidiano Moderno no Brasil, 1920-1960”

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os processos de pesquisa, curadoria e reflexões do grupo “Narrativas da Arte do século XX” – coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Ana Gonçalves Magalhães – que geraram a mostra Projetos para um cotidiano moderno no Brasil, 1920-1960, ocorrida no Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC-USP) entre agosto de 2021 e julho de 2022. O artigo se divide em duas partes: na primeira, todas as etapas do processo são descritas, desde o nascimento da ideia da exposição até seu desenvolvimento e quais agentes e em quais momentos foram envolvidos – pesquisadores internos e externos ao MAC-USP, outras áreas do museu, instituições e colecionadores particulares; na segunda parte são apresentados os textos que foram desenvolvidos para a exposição, ou seja, fruto da investigação apresentada na primeira parte.This article aims to present the research, curatorial and reflective processes of the group “Narratives of Art of the 20th century” – coordinated by Professor Ana Gonçalves Magalhães (PhD) – which generated the exhibition "Projects for a modern daily life in Brazil, 1920-1960", to be inaugurated in 2021 at the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP). It is divided into two parts: in the first one, all the stages of the process are described, from the birth of the idea of the exhibition, to its development, and which agents and in which moments they were involved – internal and external researchers at MAC USP, other museum areas, institutions and private collectors. in the second part, the texts that were developed for the exhibition are presented, that is, the outcome of the investigation  presented in the first part

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Eqüidade no financiamento da atenção à saúde: estudo do gasto familiar

O presente estudo objetiva verificar se a proporção da renda familiar gasta em saúde é maior nas categorias de menor renda levando-se em consideração a análise de potenciais variáveis de confusão. Trata-se de um inquérito realizado em 2004, com 245 domicílios selecionados de modo a representar a população de Sorocaba. As informações referem-se às características sociais e demográficas, à soma dos rendimentos nos 30 dias e dos gastos em saúde nos 90 dias anteriores à entrevista, à existência de problemas de saúde, à utilização e avaliação de serviços de saúde e à cobertura de planos de saúde. A análise incluiu regressão linear múltipla própria para conglomerados. Verificou-se, como efeito independente que a proporção da renda familiar gasta em saúde é: maior quanto maior a escolaridade e a idade do chefe de família, assim como entre os detentores de planos de saúde; e menor quanto maior o intervalo decorrido desde a última procura por atendimento nas famílias mais numerosas e de maior renda. Confirma-se uma situação de iniqüidade no financiamento da atenção à saúde mesmo quando os dados são ajustados segundo variáveis de confusão

Avaliação biomecânica da angulação dos implantes posteriores nas reabilitações totais implantossuportadas em mandíbula através de método de elementos finitos

Introduction: As a treatment option for mandibular edentulism, the All-on-4® concept was developed, an anchoring technique with the installation of four implants distributed in the anterior region of the edentulous mandible for total implant-supported rehabilitation. Objective: In this study, we analyzed by the finite element method the biomechanical behavior of implants and bone tissues. Material and methods: Three computerized three-dimensional models were used, each with 4 external hexagon 3.75x13mm implants in the mental interforam region, the anterior implants kept in the axial position and the variation occurred in the posterior implants: group 1, straight posterior implants; group 2, posterior implants inclined at 17° and group 3, posterior implants inclined at 30°. An axial load of 150 N was applied to the molars and 100 N to the premolars bilaterally. Results: After analysis, it was found that in the 17° (13.68Mpa, 34.76Mpa and 14.36Mpa groups for tensile, compressive and shear stresses respectively) and 30 ° (14.26Mpa, 23.14Mpa and 10.31Mpa for tensile, compressive and shear stresses respectively) presented lower stress peaks in the bone. The same pattern of stress distribution was observed for the implants, with reduction when the distal implants were tilted. Conclusion: The results showed that the angulation of the implants favored the distribution of stresses in the bone and implants, positively interfering in the biomechanical performance of the total implant-supported rehabilitations in edentulous jaws, considering that in the group of straight implants the stress values ​​were higher.Introdução: Como uma opção de tratamento ao edentulismo mandibular foi desenvolvido o conceito All-on-4®, uma técnica de ancoragem com a instalação de quatro implantes distribuídos na região anterior da mandíbula edêntula para uma reabilitação total implantossuportada. Objetivo: Neste estudo, analisamos pelo método de elementos finitos o comportamento biomecânico dos implantes e tecidos ósseos. Material e métodos: Foram utilizados 3 modelos tridimensionais computadorizados, cada um com 4 implantes hexágono externo 3,75x13mm na região interforames mentuais, os implantes anteriores mantidos na posição axial e a variação ocorreu nos implantes posteriores: grupo 1, implantes posteriores retos; grupo 2, implantes posteriores com inclinação em 17° e grupo 3, com implantes posteriores inclinados em 30°. Uma carga axial de 150N foi aplicada nos molares e de 100N nos pré-molares bilateralmente. Resultados: Após análises evidenciou-se que nos grupos 17° (13,68Mpa, 34,76Mpa e 14,36Mpa para as tensões de tração, compressão e cisalhamento respectivamente) e 30° (14,26Mpa, 23,14Mpa e 10,31Mpa para as tensões de tração, compressão e cisalhamento respectivamente) apresentaram menores picos de tensão no osso. O mesmo padrão de distribuição de tensões foi observado para os implantes, com redução quando inclinamos os implantes distais. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que a angulação dos implantes favoreceu a distribuição das tensões no osso e implantes, interferindo positivamente na performance biomecânica das reabilitações totais implantossuportadas em mandíbulas edêntulas, considerando que no grupo dos implantes retos os valores das tensões foram maiores

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Selection strategy of phage-displayed immunogens based on an in vitro evaluation of the Th1 response of PBMCs and their potential use as a vaccine against Leishmania infantum infection

Parasitological and immunological evaluations obtained in the infected and/or vaccinated animals in the second vaccine experiment. BALB/c mice (n = 16, per group) were vaccinated subcutaneously in their left hind footpad with Wild-type (WT), Random, B1 or D11 phage clones. Additional mice received only saline (n = 16). Three doses were administered at 14-day intervals. 30 days after the last vaccine, animals (n = 8, per group) were infected in the right hind footpad with 1 × 107 stationary promastigotes of L. infantum. Before and 60 days after challenge, the anti-phage and anti-parasite IgG2a and IgG1 isotype antibody levels were obtained, and the ratios between IgG2a and IgG1 results were calculated and are shown before (a) and after (b) infection. In addition, spleen cells were collected to evaluate the cytokine response, when they were incubated in complete RPMI 1640 medium (negative control) or in vitro stimulated with SLA (25 μg/ml) or with the respective clone (1 × 1010 phages), for 48 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2. IFN-γ, IL-12, GM-CSF, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were then measured by ELISA in the culture supernatants before (c) or after (d) infection. 6 days after challenge, the parasite burden was determined in the liver, spleen, draining lymph nodes and bone marrow of the animals, by a limiting dilution assay (e). Using the cell supernatants employed to evaluate cytokines, the nitrite production was also evaluated in this time (f). +indicates a statistically significant difference in relation to the B1 and D11 phages groups (P < 0.0001). ***indicates a statistically significant difference in relation to the saline, WT and Random groups (P < 0.0001). (TIFF 139 kb

Selection strategy of phage-displayed immunogens based on an in vitro evaluation of the Th1 response of PBMCs and their potential use as a vaccine against Leishmania infantum infection

Abstract Background The development of a vaccine for the prevention of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) still represents a significant unmet medical need. A human vaccine can be found if one takes into consideration that many people living in endemic areas of disease are infected but do not develop active VL, including those subjects with subclinical or asymptomatic infection. Methods In this study, a phage display was used to select phage-exposed peptides that were specific to immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from asymptomatic and symptomatic VL patients, separating them from non-infected subjects. Phage clones presenting valid peptide sequences were selected and used as stimuli of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from both patients’ groups and controls. Those with higher interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)/interleukin (IL)-10 ratios were further selected for vaccination tests. Results Among 17 evaluated clones, two were selected, B1 and D11, and used to immunize BALB/c mice in an attempt to further validate their in vivo protective efficacy against Leishmania infantum infection. Both clones induced partial protection against the parasite challenge, which was evidenced by the reduction of parasitism in the evaluated organs, a process mediated by a specific T helper (Th)1 immune response. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use a rational strategy based on in vitro stimulation of human PBMCs with selected phage-displayed clones to obtain new immunogens against VL