Linking benthic biodiversity to the functioning of coastal ecosystems subjected to river runoff (NW Mediterranean)

Continental particulate organic matter (POM) plays a major role in the functioning of coastal marine ecosystems as a disturbance as well as an input of nutrients. Relationships linking continental inputs from the Rhone River to biodiversity of the coastal benthic ecosystem and fishery production were investigated in the Golfe du Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea). Macrobenthic community diversity decreased when continen¬tal inputs of organic matter increased, whereas ecosystem production, measured by common sole (Solea solea) fishery yields in the area, increased. Decreases in macrobenthic diversity were mainly related to an increasing abundance of species with specific functional traits, particularly deposit-feeding polychaetes. The decrease in macrobenthic diversity did not result in a decrease, but an increase in ecosystem production, as it enhanced the transfer of continental POM into marine food webs. The present study showed that it is necessary to consider functional traits of species, direct and indirect links between species, and feedback loops to understand the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and productivity

The great melting pot. Common sole population connectivity assessed by otolith and water fingerprints

Quantifying the scale and importance of individual dispersion between populations and life stages is a key challenge in marine ecology. The common sole (Solea solea), an important commercial flatfish in the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, has a marine pelagic larval stage, a benthic juvenile stage in coastal nurseries (lagoons, estuaries or shallow marine areas) and a benthic adult stage in deeper marine waters on the continental shelf. To date, the ecological connectivity among these life stages has been little assessed in the Mediterranean. Here, such an assessment is provided for the first time for the Gulf of Lions, NW Mediterranean, based on a dataset on otolith microchemistry and stable isotopic composition as indicators of the water masses inhabited by individual fish. Specifically, otolith Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca profiles, and delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of adults collected in four areas of the Gulf of Lions were compared with those of young-of-the-year collected in different coastal nurseries. Results showed that a high proportion of adults (>46%) were influenced by river inputs during their larval stage. Furthermore Sr/Ca ratios and the otolith length at one year of age revealed that most adults (similar to 70%) spent their juvenile stage in nurseries with high salinity, whereas the remainder used brackish environments. In total, data were consistent with the use of six nursery types, three with high salinity (marine areas and two types of highly saline lagoons) and three brackish (coastal areas near river mouths, and two types of brackish environments), all of which contributed to the replenishment of adult populations. These finding implicated panmixia in sole population in the Gulf of Lions and claimed for a habitat integrated management of fisherie

Spatial and temporal variations of fish assemblages in a shallow Mediterranean soft-bottom area (Gulf of Fos, France)

The fish assemblages of two shallow soft-bottom areas located in the Gulf of Fos (NW Mediterranean) were studied by means of 57 trawl surveys carried out on both seasonal and diel scales between 1983 and 1985. A total of 47 fish species was recorded, with a mean density and biomass of 650 individuals ha(-1) and 2.67 kg ha(-1), respectively. Most of the fluctuations observed were on the spatial scale. Strong differences in fish assemblages were observed between the two areas, with both higher species richness and biomass in the outer part of the gulf (La Gracieuse), while a higher density of individuals characterised its inner part (Bay of Carteau). This spatial pattern was due to a small number of species, such as the gobiids Gobius niger and Pomatoschitus minutus in Carteau, and the flatfish Arnoglossus laterna, Buglossidium luteum and Salen solea in La Gracieuse. These differences were probably induced by differences in the hydrological and benthic characteristics of the two study areas. Decreases in species richness, density and/or biomass were observed in both areas over the study period, although this trend was not significant in all cases. These decreases may have been linked to interannual variations in the mean flow rate of the Rhone River (-28.1% between 1983 and 1985), which might have induced a decrease in the density of benthic invertebrate populations. We suggest that a similar reaction occurred in fish populations, as most of them are known to feed on these invertebrates. Diel patterns did not reveal any significant trends. However, an increase in density and biomass at sunset, and a decrease before sunrise were observed in summer in both areas, and the presence of certain specific species was recorded in catches at determined hours of the diel cycle. These observations were likely due to the activity cycles (diurnal vs. nocturnal) of the fish species. (Les communautés de poissons des fonds meubles de deux secteurs du golfe de Fos ont été étudiées par 57 chalutages, réalisés en différentes saisons et à différentes heures du nycthémère, entre 1983 et 1985. Un total de 47 espèces de poissons a été recensé, avec une densité et une biomasse moyennes de 650 individus ha–1 et 2,67 kg ha–1, respectivement. L’essentiel des différences observées est lié à la distribution spatiale des espèces, avec une forte distinction entre les deux secteurs: la richesse spécifique et la biomasse ont été plus fortes à l’extérieur du golfe (La Gracieuse), alors que la densité a été plus forte à l’intérieur (baie de Carteau). Cette ségrégation est surtout due à un petit nombre d’espèces, comme les Gobiidae Gobius niger et Pomatoschitus minutus, surtout capturés à Carteau, et les poissons plats Arnoglossus laterna, Buglossidium luteum et Solea solea à La Gracieuse. Ces différences sont probablement liées aux caractéristiques hydrologiques et benthiques de ces secteurs. Au cours de la période d’étude, la richesse spécifique, la densité et/ou la biomasse ont diminué sur les deux secteurs. Les variations interannuelles du débit du Rhône (–28,1% entre 1983 et 1985) peuvent avoir induit une diminution de la densité des populations d’invertébrés benthiques. Cela aurait eu des conséquences semblables sur les poissons car la plupart d’entre eux se nourrissent de ces invertébrés. Aucune tendance particulière n’est clairement apparue au cours du nycthémère. Cependant, la densité et la biomasse ont augmenté durant la saison estivale et sur les deux secteurs, au moment du crépuscule, et ont diminué à l’aube. De plus, certaines espèces ont été capturées préférentiellement à des heures bien déterminées du nycthémère. Ces observations sont à relier aux rythmes d’activités (diurnes vs. nocturnes) des poissons qui habitent ces petits fonds sableux

Spatial variations in dietary organic matter sources modulate the size and condition of fish juveniles in temperate lagoon nursery sites

Effective conservation of marine fish stocks involves understanding the impact, on population dynamics, of intra-specific variation in nursery habitats use at the juvenile stage. In some regions, an important part of the catching effort is concentrated on a small number of marine species that colonize coastal lagoons during their first year of life. To determine the intra-specific variation in lagoon use by these fish and their potential demographic consequences, we studied diet spatiotemporal variations in the group 0 juveniles of a highly exploited sparid, the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L), during their similar to 6 months stay in a NW Mediterranean lagoon (N = 331, SL = 25-198 mm) and traced the origin of the organic matter in their food webs, at two lagoon sites with contrasted continental inputs. This showed that the origin (marine, lagoonal or continental) of the organic matter (OM) available in the water column and the sediment can vary substantially within the same lagoon, in line with local variations in the intensity of marine and continental inputs. The high trophic plasticity of S. aurata allows its juveniles to adapt to resulting differences in prey abundances at each site during their lagoon residency, thereby sustaining high growth irrespective of the area inhabited within the lagoon. However, continental POM incorporation by the juveniles through their diet (of 21-37% on average depending on the site) is proportional to its availability in the environment and could be responsible for the greater fish sizes (of 28 mm SL on average) and body weights (of 40.8 g on average) observed at the site under continental influence in the autumn, when the juveniles are ready to leave the lagoon. This suggests that continental inputs in particulate OM, when present, could significantly enhance fish growth within coastal lagoons, with important consequences on the local population dynamics of the fish species that use them as nurseries. As our results indicate that continental OM can represent up to 62% of the flesh of the juveniles originating from these ecosystems, particular care should be taken to preserve or improve the chemical quality of riverine inputs to coastal lagoons

Climate‐driven changes in macrobenthic communities in the Mediterranean Sea: A 10‐year study in the Bay of Banyuls‐sur‐Mer

International audienceMarine ecosystems worldwide are affected by both natural variation and human activities; to disentangle and understand their individual role in influencing the macrobenthic community composition is challenging. The relationship between in-terannual variability in atmospheric circulation, dictated by the climatic oscillation indices, and the benthic macrofauna composition was assessed at four sampling sites located in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea). Between 2004 and 2013, these sites were sampled annually during autumn/winter and analyzed for sediment grain-size and benthic macrofauna composition (species richness, abundance, and biomass). Temporal changes in these descriptors were correlated with two climatic indices (NAO and WeMO indices) and a set of environmental parameters integrated over three different time periods (i.e., whole year, springtime, and wintertime). Our results confirm the occurrence of major temporal changes in the composition of macrobenthic communities within the Gulf of Lions. More specifically, the results indicate that (a) the WeMO appears to be more closely related to benthic macrofauna composition in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer than the NAO, (b) winter is a better integration period than spring or the whole year as a proxy for community composition changes, and (c) Rhône River water flow is likely involved in the control of benthic macrofauna composition in the whole Gulf of Lions. The present study highlights the importance of WeMO as a regional proxy, which can be used to evaluate changes in benthic macrofauna linked to climatic variability