Avaliação dos aspectos florísticos e estruturais de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista influenciado por sucessivas rotações de espécies florestais exóticas

In Santa Catarina State, Brazil, wood exploitation and the expansion of agricultural areas represent some of the responsible factors for the significant reduction of natural areas. The objective was to provide information on the floristic composition and the structure of a remnant forest in order to subsidize the restoration of degraded areas. Sampling was performed by the method of quadrant points, where we measured the diameter of the plant to the lap height (individuals from 1 meter to 1.30 meters in height), the diameter at breast height (individuals over 1.30 meters), and the distance from the base (point central); the frequency, density, and absolute and relative dominance, the importance value index, the Shannon diversity, and the Pielou evenness were calculated. To evaluate the floristic-structural similarity between transects we used the Bray-Curtis index, performed by the ordination of transects on the basis of floristic characteristics through multivariate analysis technique NMDS. The study found 254 arboreal individuals belonging to 17 families, 20 genders and 36 species. The species with the highest importance value were: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda, and Vernonanthura discolor. The diversity index was 2.56 nats. ind-1 and the evenness was 0.69, indicating low ecological dominance in the area. According to the assessment of the similarity between transects, it was possible to observe the separation of two distinct floristic groups through greater similarity of transects 1-3 and 2-4. The NMDS analysis indicated that the floristic-structural organization of regenerating component showed no marked spatial variations associated with the environmental characteristics of each transect. The results follow the standard found in studies conducted in similar areas and that the maintenance of these forest fragments favors the formation of biodiversity corridors.No Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, a exploração madeireira e a expansão de áreas agrícolas representam alguns dos fatores responsáveis pela expressiva redução de áreas naturais. O objetivo foi fornecer informações da composição florística e estrutural de um remanescente florestal a fim de subsidiar as medidas de restauração das áreas degradadas. A amostragem foi realizada pelo método de pontos quadrantes, em que foram registrados o diâmetro a altura do colo (indivíduos entre 1 metro até 1,30 metros de altura), o diâmetro à altura do peito (indivíduos maiores de 1,30 metros), e a distância da base (ponto central), e calculados a frequência, a densidade e a dominância absoluta e relativa, o valor de importância, o índice de diversidade de Shannon e a equabilidade de Pielou. Para avaliar a similaridade florística-estrutural entre os transectos foi utilizado o índice de Bray-Curtis e feita a ordenação dos transectos em função das características florísticas e estruturais por meio da técnica de análise multivariada NMDS. Foram encontrados 3.214 ind.ha-1 distribuídos em 17 famílias, 20 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies com maior valor de importância foram: Baccharis uncinella, Solanum variabile, Mimosa scabrella, Pinus taeda e Vernonanthura discolor. O índice de diversidade foi de 2,56 nats.ind.-1 e o índice de equabilidade foi de 0,69, indicando baixa dominância ecológica na área. De acordo com a avaliação da similaridade entre os transectos foi possível observar a separação de dois grupos distintos através da maior similaridade entre os transectos 1-3 e 2-4. A análise NMDS demonstrou que a organização florístico-estrutural não apresentou variações espaciais marcantes associadas às características ambientais de cada transecto. Os resultados seguem o padrão encontrado em estudos realizados em áreas semelhantes e que a manutenção destes fragmentos florestais favorece a formação de corredores de biodiversidade

TRILHA ECOLÓGICA NA MATA DA BICA DE PORTALEGRE, RN:: EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO ESPAÇO ESCOLAR

Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) have always been the focus of numerous studies due to their importance in environmental conservation. In this context, Environmental Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about preservation, with schools being recognized as one of the fundamental bases for forming conscious citizens. In this work, an ecological trail was designed and implemented as a strategy to promote Environmental Education, aiming to sensitize and equip the school community for the preservation, maintenance, and sustainable use of Mata da Bica, an ecologically significant area in Portalegre-RN. The ecological trail was carefully planned to be educational and informative, covering various topics such as the water cycle, the importance of trees in maintaining the ecosystem, waste management, the role of lichens as air quality indicators, and, as a highlight, a practical workshop emphasizing the responsible use of natural resources in the production of geotint. The use of the ecological trail as a method of Environmental Education proved to be effective, deeply engaging students and sparking genuine interest in all stages of the trail. This deep involvement significantly contributed to the success of the workshop.As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) sempre foram alvo de inúmeros estudos devido à sua importância na preservação do meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, a Educação Ambiental desempenha um papel de extrema relevância na conscientização da preservação, e as escolas são reconhecidas como uma das bases fundamentais na formação de cidadãos conscientes. Neste trabalho, foi elaborada e implementada uma trilha ecológica como estratégia para promover Educação Ambiental, com o propósito de sensibilizar e capacitar a comunidade escolar para a preservação, manutenção e uso sustentável da Mata da Bica, uma área de grande importância ecológica situada em Portalegre-RN. A trilha ecológica foi cuidadosamente projetada para ser didática e informativa. Ela abordou diversos temas, como o ciclo da água, a importância das árvores na manutenção do ecossistema, a gestão de resíduos, a influência dos líquens como indicadores de qualidade do ar e, como ponto culminante, uma oficina prática dedicada a destacar a importância do uso responsável dos recursos naturais na produção de geotinta. A escolha da trilha ecológica como método de Educação Ambiental demonstrou ser eficaz, envolvendo os alunos de maneira profunda e despertando um genuíno interesse em todas as etapas da trilha. Esse envolvimento profundo, por sua vez, contribuiu significativamente para o sucesso da oficina

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Stock and dynamics of above-ground biomass and carbon in a dry tropical forest

Estudos que visam quantificar biomassa e o seu carbono estocado em diferentes estádios sucessionais são importantes no que diz respeito à obtenção de informações para manejo e conservação das florestas ao longo do tempo, principalmente após processos de degradação da paisagem, visto que essas ações provocam mudanças que alteram o equilíbrio e a dinâmica da floresta. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi analisar a dinâmica e o estoque de biomassa e do carbono em floresta tropical seca no semiárido pernambucano no período de 2008 a 2018; assim foram estimados a dinâmica e os estoques de carbono da biomassa aérea e no solo em duas áreas com diferentes históricos de perturbação e uso; verificando se a floresta está funcionando como fonte ou fixadora de carbono, além de analisar e representar a distribuição espacial do estoque de carbono na biomassa aérea. Foram instaladas parcelas permanentes de 20 m x 20 m (400 m²) em duas áreas com diferentes históricos de uso e conservação: AMC – área menos conservada e AC – área conservada. Entre os anos de 2008 e 2018 a remensuração dos indivíduos arbóreos foi realizada por meio de inventário florestal das parcelas permanentes, onde todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,30 m do solo (CAP) ≥ 6 cm foram identificados e etiquetados. Para a estimativa do estoque de biomassa foram utilizadas equações alométricas exclusivas para oito espécies da Caatinga, além de uma equação geral para as demais espécies, e o estoque de carbono foi estimado pelo produto da biomassa de cada indivíduo pelo seu respectivo percentual de carbono. Para a dinâmica da biomassa e do carbono na vegetação, as estimativas de crescimento foram obtidas por meio do crescimento bruto e líquido (incluindo e excluindo ingressos respectivamente) entre os intervalos de cada mensuração. Para analisar e representar a distribuição espacial dos estoques de biomassa e carbono, as 80 parcelas foram georreferenciadas com precisão sub-métrica e a partir das tabelas de coordenadas geradas foram associados os dados de estoque de biomassa e carbono, além do número de indivíduos e fustes para cada parcela, realizando-se então os procedimentos de análise variográfica, validação cruzada e interpolação dos dados. A análise estatística dos dados de estoque de biomassa e carbono foi realizada por meio de análise de variância multivariada de medidas repetidas usando as diferenças em acumulação de carbono na vegetação com o passar do tempo (2008 a 2018); já para as variações do estoque de carbono ao longo dos anos foi utilizada a análise de variância não paramétrica por meio do Teste de Friedman e do pós teste T de Wilcoxon. As análises de distribuição espacial e elaboração de mapas temáticos foram realizadas por meio da Geoestatística com uso de interpolação por Krigagem no programa GS+. Os resultados encontrados apontam que no período de 10 anos houve aumento nos estoques de biomassa e carbono para a AMC enquanto para a AC houve redução, que na primeira a biomassa aérea está funcionando como fixadora de carbono, mas que na segunda, embora tenha ocorrido decréscimo no estoque de carbono da biomassa, ela pode continuar atuando como fixadora, uma vez não foi avaliado os estoques de carbono no solo ao longo do mesmo período. Devido a influência do histórico de uso do solo e do tempo de preservação das áreas, a distribuição espacial dos estoques de biomassa e carbono apresentaram alta dependência espacial.Studies that aim to quantify biomass and its carbon stored in different successional stages are important with regard to obtaining information for forest management and conservation over time, especially after processes of landscape degradation, since these actions cause changes that considerably alter the balance and forest dynamics. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the biomass and carbon stock dynamics in a tropical dry forest in the semiarid region of Pernambuco from 2008 to 2018; as such, the dynamics and carbon stocks of aerial and soil biomass were estimated in two areas with different history of disturbance and use; verifying whether the forest is functioning as a carbon source or fixer, in addition to analyzing and representing the spatial distribution of the carbon stock in aerial biomass. Permanent plots of 20 m x 20 m (400 m²) were set up in two areas with different history of use and conservation: LCA – less conserved area and CA – conserved area. Between 2008 and 2018, the remeasurement of tree individuals was carried out through a forest inventory of permanent plots, where all individuals with a circumference at 1.30 m from the ground (CAP) ≥ 6 cm were identified and labeled. To estimate the biomass stock, exclusive allometric equations for eight species of the Caatinga were used, in addition to a general equation for the other species, and the carbon stock was estimated by the biomass product of each individual by their respective carbon percentage. To estimate the carbon stock of the soil, allometric equations were used for the total carbon and for the fractions of humic substances (humic acid, fulvic acid and humine) in the initial 0-0.20 m layer of the soil. For the biomass and carbon dynamics in vegetation, growth estimates were obtained through gross and net growth (including and excluding inflow respectively) between the intervals of each measurement. To analyze and represent the spatial distribution of the biomass and carbon stocks, the 80 plots were georeferenced with sub-metric precision and, from the generated coordinate tables, the biomass and carbon stock data were associated, in addition to the number of individuals and shafts for each plot, performing then the procedures of variographic analysis, cross-validation and data interpolation. The statistical analysis of the biomass and carbon stock data was carried out through multivariate analysis of variance of repeated measures using the differences in carbon accumulation in the vegetation over time (from 2008 to 2018); for carbon stock variations over the years, non-parametric analysis of variance was used by employing the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon post-test. Spatial distribution analyzes and the thematic map elaboration were carried out through Geostatistics, by using Kriging interpolations in the GS+ program. The results found show that in the period of 10 years there was an increase in the stocks of biomass and carbon for LPA while for PA there was a reduction. They also show that in the first, aerial biomass is functioning as a carbon fixer, but in the second, although there was a decrease in the biomass carbon stock, it can continue to act as a fixative, since an increase in soil carbon has been observed over the same period. Due to the influence of the land use history and the preservation time of the areas, the spatial distribution of the biomass and carbon stocks showed high spatial dependence

ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DO SOLO ALTERADOS PELA CONTAMINAÇÃO DE GASOLINA E ÓLEO DIESEL

O transporte de derivados de petróleo gera preocupações quanto à potencialidade de contaminação ambiental. A pesquisa indicou teores de Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, K, P, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr fenóis, óleos e graxas totais, óleos minerais, BTEX e HPA, pH em água, Matéria Orgânica, Argila, em Cambissolo Háplico sob efeito de contaminação por gasolina e óleo diesel, em Capão Alto, SC. A coleta de solo ocorreu em 32 pontos em área contaminada e 28 pontos em área sem contaminação, em profundidade de 0-20 cm. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis na comparação entre as áreas, sendo que houve diferença estatística (p?0,05) para as variáveis: Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Cr, Cu, fenóis, óleos e graxas totais, óleos minerais e BTEX na área contaminada. Esta diferença não pode ser atribuída apenas ao efeito do contaminante no solo, sendo que o método de determinação utilizado quantificou apenas os teores disponíveis

Nutrientes na biomassa aérea e na serapilheira em áreas de caatinga em Floresta, PE

Objetivou-se quantificar teores de nutrientes nos componentes da biomassa da parte aérea e na serapilheira em duas áreas de vegetação de caatinga com características ecológicas diferentes, uma em regeneração e outra preservada, no município de Floresta, PE. Foi realizado inventário inicial lançando-se 40 parcelas de 400 m2 em cada área, tendo como nível a inclusão de circunferência a 1.30 m do solo ≥ 6,0 cm. Para análise da biomassa, foram utilizadas as cinco espécies de maior valor de importância de cada área. De cada um delas, foram retiradas amostras com 100 g para realização das análises químicas de seus componentes. Para a estimativa do estoque de serapilheira, foram feitas coletas no período seco e chuvoso, utilizando-se um molde quadrado vazado de 0,5 m, lançado aleatoriamente nas parcelas. Observou-se que o teor de nutrientes encontrados na biomassa total nas duas áreas seguiu uma mesma sequência: N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S. A área preservada apresentou maior acúmulo em todas frações no estoque de serrapilheira, mas com diferenças entre as estações. No período seco a sequência foi: N > Ca > S > K > Mg > P, e no chuvoso N > Ca > K > S > P > Mg em ambas as áreas. Quando os nutrientes estavam disponíveis, a serapilheira apresentou os maiores conteúdos de nutrientes, quando comparada com os estoques presentes na biomassa acima do solo