6 research outputs found

    An Investigation of Firm Heterogeneity in the Constraints to Development and Growth in Pakistan

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    This study considers the importance of firm characteristics in explaining the degree of business constraints facing Pakistani firms in the Investment Climate Survey. We quantify how firms with differing characteristics experience particular problems. After controlling for other factors, the largest differences in responses to business constraints occur among firms that vary by manufacturing industry, and among firms operating under different ownership structures or selling in different markets. In some cases, firm size and firm location also play an important role. The age of the firm generally does not lead to significant differences. These results account for the heterogeneity of firms better than others, and may be important for policy-makers to develop more specific approaches to fostering the investment climate.Pakistan, Investment Climate, Business Constraints

    An Investigation of Firm Heterogeneity in the Constraints to Development and Growth in Pakistan

    Get PDF
    This study considers the importance of firm characteristics in explaining the degree of business constraints facing Pakistani firms in the Investment Climate Survey. We quantify how firms with differing characteristics experience particular problems. After controlling for other factors, the largest differences in responses to business constraints occur among firms that vary by manufacturing industry, and among firms operating under different ownership structures or selling in different markets. In some cases, firm size and firm location also play an important role. The age of the firm generally does not lead to significant differences. These results account for the heterogeneity of firms better than others, and may be important for policy-makers to develop more specific approaches to fostering the investment climate

    An Investigation of Firm Heterogeneity in the Constraints to Development and Growth in Pakistan

    No full text
    This study considers the importance of firm characteristics in explaining the degree of business constraints facing Pakistani firms in the Investment Climate Survey. We quantify how firms with differing characteristics experience particular problems. After controlling for other factors, the largest differences in responses to business constraints occurs among firms that vary by manufacturing industry, and among firms operating under different ownership structures or selling in different markets. In some cases, firm size and firm location also play an important role. The age of the firm generally does not lead to significant differences. These results are important, because they will guide policymakers to develop more specific approaches to fostering the investment climate, which better account for the heterogeneity of firms.Pakistan, Investment Climate, Business Constraints

    An Investigation of Firm Heterogeneity in the Constraints to Development and Growth in Pakistan

    No full text
    経済学 / EconomicsThis study considers the importance of firm characteristics in explaining the degree of business constraints facing Pakistani firms in the Investment Climate Survey. We quantify how firms with differing characteristics experience particular problems. After controlling for other factors, the largest differences in responses to business constraints occurs among firms that vary by manufacturing industry, and among firms operating under different ownership structures or selling in different markets. In some cases, firm size and firm location also play an important role. The age of the firm generally does not lead to significant differences. These results are important, because they will guide policymakers to develop more specific approaches to fostering the investment climate, which better account for the heterogeneity of firms.JEL Classification Codes: O53, L6, M

    Photocatalytic systems as an advanced environmental remediation: Recent developments, limitations and new avenues for applications

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