Étiquetage morphosyntaxique de langues non dotées à partir de ressources pour une langue étymologiquement proche

International audienceWe introduce a generic approach for transferring part-of-speech annotations from a resourced language to a non-resourced but etymologically close language. We do not rely on the existence of any parallel corpora or any linguistic knowledge for the non-resourced language (no lexicons, no annotated corpora). Our approach only makes use of cognate pairs that are automatically induced in an unsupervised way, based on character-based statistical machine translation and on a morphosyntactic lexicon for the resourced language. Frequent and short words are treated differently, as we tag them directly based on a cross-language similarity assessment of immediate morphosyntactic contexts. Using German as a resourced language, we evaluate our approach on Dutch --- in fact a resourced language --- and on Palatine German. We reach tagging accuracies of 67.2% on Dutch and 60.7% on Palatine German.Nous présentons une approche générique du transfert d'annotations morphosyntaxiques d'une langue dotée vers une langue non dotée étymologiquement proche. Nous ne présupposons aucun corpus parallèle et aucune connaissance préalable de la langue non dotée (ni lexique, ni corpus annoté). Notre approche repose uniquement sur des paires de cognats obtenues par apprentissage non-supervisé selon le paradigme de la traduction automatique statistique à base de caractères, et sur un dictionnaire morphosyntaxique de la langue dotée. Pour les mots fréquents et courts, nous préférons assigner les étiquettes directement aux mots de la langue non dotée en fonction de mesures de similarité inter-langues du contexte morphosyntaxique immédiat. Partant de l'allemand comme langue dotée, nous évaluons notre approche sur le néerlandais, qui est en réalité dotée, et le palatin. Nous obtenons une précision d'étiquetage de 67,2\% pour le néerlandais et de 60,7\% pour le palatin

Lexicon induction and part-of-speech tagging of non-resourced languages without any bilingual resources

International audienceWe introduce a generic approach for transferring part-of-speech annotations from a resourced language to a non-resourced but etymologically close language. We first infer a bilingual lexicon between the two languages with methods based on character similarity, frequency similarity and context similarity. We then assign part-of-speech tags to these bilingual lexicon entries and annotate the remaining words on the basis of suffix analogy. We evaluate our approach on five language pairs of the Iberic peninsula, reaching up to 95% of precision on the lexicon induction task and up to 85% of tagging accuracy

Interleukin-6 potentiates endurance training adaptation and improves functional capacity in old mice

Interventions to preserve functional capacities at advanced age are becoming increasingly important. So far, exercise provides the only means to counteract age-related decrements in physical performance and muscle function. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of exercise interventions in elderly populations is hampered by reduced acceptance and compliance as well as disuse complications. We therefore studied whether application of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic myokine that is induced by skeletal muscle activity and exerts broad systemic effects in response to exercise, affects physical performance and muscle function alone or in combination with training in aged mice.; Sedentary old male mice (Sed+Saline, n = 15) were compared with animals that received recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) in an exercise-mimicking pulsatile manner (Sed+IL-6, n = 16), were trained with a moderate-intensity, low-volume endurance exercise regimen (Ex+Saline, n = 13), or were exposed to a combination of these two interventions (Ex+IL-6, n = 16) for 12 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, mice underwent a battery of tests to quantify endurance performance, muscle contractility in situ, motor coordination, and gait and metabolic parameters.; Mice exposed to enhanced levels of IL-6 during endurance exercise bouts showed superior improvements in endurance performance (33% more work and 12% greater peak power compared with baseline), fatigue resistance in situ (P = 0.0014 vs. Sed+Saline; P = 0.0199 vs. Sed+IL-6; and P = 0.0342 vs. Ex+Saline), motor coordination (rotarod performance, P = 0.0428), and gait (gait speed, P = 0.0053) following training. Pulsatile rIL-6 treatment in sedentary mice had only marginal effects on glucose tolerance and some gait parameters. No increase in adverse events or mortality related to rIL-6 treatment was observed.; Administration of rIL-6 paired with treadmill running bouts potentiates the adaptive response to a moderate-intensity low-volume endurance exercise regimen in old mice, while being safe and well tolerated

Regulation of LRRK2 Expression Points to a Functional Role in Human Monocyte Maturation

Genetic variants of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with a significantly enhanced risk for Parkinson disease, the second most common human neurodegenerative disorder. Despite major efforts, our understanding of LRRK2 biological function and regulation remains rudimentary. In the present study we analyze LRRK2 mRNA and protein expression in sub-populations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). LRRK2 mRNA and protein was found in circulating CD19+ B cells and in CD14+ monocytes, whereas CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were devoid of LRRK2 mRNA. Within CD14+ cells the CD14+CD16+ sub-population of monocytes exhibited high levels of LRRK2 protein, in contrast to CD14+CD16- cells. However both populations expressed LRRK2 mRNA. As CD14+CD16+ cells represent a more mature subset of monocytes, we monitored LRRK2 expression after in vitro treatment with various stress factors known to induce monocyte activation. We found that IFN-γ in particular robustly increased LRRK2 mRNA and protein levels in monocytes concomitant with a shift of CD14+CD16− cells towards CD14+CD16+cells. Interestingly, the recently described LRRK2 inhibitor IN-1 attenuated this shift towards CD14+CD16+ after IFN-γ stimulation. Based on these findings we speculate that LRRK2 might have a role in monocyte maturation. Our results provide further evidence for the emerging role of LRRK2 in immune cells and regulation at the transcriptional and translational level. Our data might also reflect an involvement of peripheral and brain immune cells in the disease course of PD, in line with increasing awareness of the role of the immune system in PD

Conception et évaluation des performances d'un système informatique de commande

ON S'INTERESSE ICI AU TRAITEMENT AUTOMATIQUE DE L'INFORMATION DANS LA CONDUITE EN TEMPS REEL DE PROCESSUS INDUSTRIELS, AVIONIQUES... PAR DES SYSTEMES INFORMATIQUES DE COMMANDEIndisponibl

A language-independent and fully unsupervised approach to lexicon induction and part-of-speech tagging for closely related languages

In this paper, we describe our generic approach for transferring part-of-speech annotations from a resourced language towards an etymologically closely related non-resourced language, without using any bilingual (i.e., parallel) data. We first induce a translation lexicon from monolingual corpora, based on cognate detection followed by cross-lingual contextual similarity. Second, POS information is transferred from the resourced language along translation pairs to the non-resourced language and used for tagging the corpus. We evaluate our methods on three language families, consisting of five Romance languages, three Germanic languages and five Slavic languages. We obtain tagging accuracies of up to 91.6%

Within and between Individual Variability of Exposure to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors

Industrial companies indicate a tendency to eliminate variations in operator strategies, particularly following implementation of the lean principle. Companies believe when the operators perform the same prescribed tasks, they have to execute them in the same manner (completing the same gestures and being exposed to the same risk factors). They attempt to achieve better product quality by standardizing and reducing operational leeway. However, operators adjust and modify ways of performing tasks to balance between their abilities and the requirements of the job. This study aims to investigate the variability of exposure to physical risk factors within and between operators when executing the same prescribed tasks. The Ergonomic Standard method was used to evaluate two workstations. Seven operators were observed thirty times between repeated cycle times at those workstations. The results revealed the variability of exposure to risk factors between and within operators in the repeated execution of the same tasks. Individual characteristics and operators’ strategies might generate the variability of exposure to risk factors that may be an opportunity to reduce the risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WR-MSDs). However, sometimes operators’ strategies may cause overexposure to risk factors; operators most often adopt such strategies to undertake their tasks while reducing the workload

L’annonce d’un décès à la famille : vécu des internes de médecine générale et perspectives d’amélioration. Une étude qualitative par entretiens semi structurés.

International audienc

L’annonce d’un décès à la famille : vécu des internes de médecine générale et perspectives d’amélioration

Contexte : Les internes sont confrontés rapidement aux annonces de décès dans leur cursus, alors qu’ils n’y sont pas préparés. But : Explorer le vécu et les attentes des internes de médecine générale face à l’annonce de décès à la famille. Méthodes : Étude qualitative par entretiens individuels semi-dirigés auprès d’internes de médecine générale en Auvergne. Une double analyse a été menée selon la méthode de théorisation ancrée. Résultats : 18 entretiens ont été réalisés. La survenue d’un décès confronte l’interne à la mort et aux limites de la médecine, générant des sentiments d’impuissance, d’échec et de culpabilité. Lors de l’annonce, les internes se sentent seuls, leur position entre inexpérience et responsabilité étant inconfortable. Ils sont rarement satisfaits de leur annonce, du fait du manque de disponibilité liée à leur charge de travail. L’annonce les confronte à la souffrance des familles et suscite des sentiments de tristesse, gène, doute, d’où l’émergence de mécanismes de défense. Leur vécu est influencé par les circonstances de décès, mais aussi par les compétences relationnelles et professionnelles acquises par l’expérience et par la formation. La relecture de l’événement, le modèle de rôle et la supervision de l’étudiant sont des méthodes pédagogiques facilitant l’apprentissage et le vécu de l’interne. Conclusion : Le décès confronte les internes à la mort et brise l’illusion de la toute-puissance de la médecine, à l’origine de sentiments d’impuissance et de culpabilité. Ils expriment le besoin de repères théoriques, d’un meilleur encadrement en stage ainsi que d’une relecture de l’événement