Matumizi ya Lugha na Dhamira katika Tamthilia Teule za Mwandishi Emmanuel Mbogo

Utafiti huu umeshughulikia matumizi ya lugha katika Tamthiliya Teule za mwandishi Emmanuel Mbogo pamoja na dhamira zilizojitokeza ndani ya utumizi huo wa lugha. Uchambuzi ulijikita katika malengo mahususi mawili ambayo ni kuchambua matumizi ya lugha katika tamthiiya teule za Emmanuel mbogo na kubainisha namna matumizi ya lugha yalivyojenga dhamira katika tamthiliya teule za Emmanuel Mbogo. Katika kukusanya data mtafiti alitumia mbinu ya Upitiaji wa nyaraka, kompyuta, Usomaji wa makini, uchambuzi wa data zilizochambuliwa kwa kutumia maswali yaliyowasilishwa mwanzoni pamoja na mbinu ya kimaelezo katika kuchambua data. Uchambuzi umeonesha kwamba matumizi ya lugha na dhamira zilizomo ndani ya tamthiliya teule za Emmanuel Mbogo zimejenga umahiri wa mtunzi pamoja na kwenda sambamba na muktadha husika kupitia utomeaji wa maneno teule, ubunifu wa hali ya juu, kuikuza na kuiendeleza lugha ya Kiswahili. Dhamira zilizomo katika uchanganuzi wa data ni kuchanganua matumizi ya lugha yalivyotumika kisanii kwa kuisana lugha ya kiswahii na kufikisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa kwa hadhira. Vile vile, utafiti umeonesha kwamba mbinu za kisanaa zilizotumiwa na mtunzi kwenye matumizi ya lugha ni nyingi ikiwemo, matumizi ya lugha kwa ujumla, utumizi wa tamathali za usemi kama vile semi, misemo, methali, lugha ya picha, takriri, tanakali sauti, lugha ya ishara, tashbiha, tash-hisi, mdokezo na mubalagha. Mwishoni mwa utafiti kumetolewa mapendekezo kwa ajili ya tafiti zijazo (za baadae) kwa kupitia utanzu wa fasihi Andishi kwa matumizi ya lugha ili kulipata pengo ambalo kalikupatiwa ufumbuzi na kulitafutia ufumbuzi kwa upande mwengine wa kazi za tamthiliya ambazo ni miongoni mwa kazi za fasihi kupitia lugha kupitia vipengele vyengine vya lugha

The Effects of Stress Management Training on Communication Skills and Attribution Beliefs on Women with Adjustment Disorders

Background: Recognizing the effective factors in marital relationships, control and manage them are among the crucial methods in solving marital problems and achieving marital satisfaction. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of stress management training on communication skills and attribution beliefs on women with adjustment disorders. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population included all women with adjustment disorders who were referred to the psychological clinics of district 1 of Tehran in 2020. Thirty women who were willing to participate in the study were selected as the sample using convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The experimental group underwent eight sessions (90 minutes sessions per week) of stress management training. The follow-up was performed after 60 days. The research instruments included the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), the Relationship Attribution Measure (RAM), and the Jarabak Communication Skills Questionnaire (JCSQ). Data analysis was conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: The results indicated that stress management training improved communication skills and attribution beliefs in women with adjustment disorders (Pvalue=0.0001). Conclusions: Stress management training can be recommended as an intervention program to improve the quality of life of women with adjustment disorders. Keywords: Stress management, Communication, Attribution, Beliefs, Adjustment, Wome

Car driver attitude towards road safety measures

Road traffic accidents (RTA) constituted a severe public problem in all countries of the world. Roughly about 1.5 million people around the world die in traffic-related accidents. Its absolute impact is exacerbated by the fact that RTA have become the leading cause of death, especially among young adults who constitute the most economically productive age groups of the larger society. Road traffic accidents also prove to be an issue of economic and social. More than 70% of the injuries and victims of accidents were in low and middle-income countries. The integral role of knowledge and practice of road safety measures necessitate further emphasis in the RTA prevention. The present study seeks to evaluate the road safety measures’ knowledge among car drivers in Tripoli-Libya. A total of 389 drivers had taken in this study. A questionnaire was used to gather some relevant information from the participants. The data collected was run in analysis using SPSS version 19. From the 389 drivers, 310 (79.7%) were male and 79 (20.3%) female. The study results have shown that gender differences in attitudes towards traffic law indicate that there is no significant difference between both sexes. Female had a marginally higher awareness than males with regard to certain substantial issues such as eating, drinking or smoking while driving and using cassette / radio or using the telephone while driving were particularly significant ( P-value = 0.04). Explanations and results of the behaviors of the drivers about safety measures on the roads are discussed

Diversity of gut microflora is required for the generation of B cell with regulatory properties in a skin graft model

B cells have been reported to promote graft rejection through alloantibody production. However, there is growing evidence that B cells can contribute to the maintenance of tolerance. Here, we used a mouse model of MHC-class I mismatched skin transplantation to investigate the contribution of B cells to graft survival. We demonstrate that adoptive transfer of B cells prolongs skin graft survival but only when the B cells were isolated from mice housed in low sterility "conventional" (CV) facilities and not from mice housed in pathogen free facilities (SPF). However, prolongation of skin graft survival was lost when B cells were isolated from IL-10 deficient mice housed in CV facilities. The suppressive function of B cells isolated from mice housed in CV facilities correlated with an anti-inflammatory environment and with the presence of a different gut microflora compared to mice maintained in SPF facilities. Treatment of mice in the CV facility with antibiotics abrogated the regulatory capacity of B cells. Finally, we identified transitional B cells isolated from CV facilities as possessing the regulatory function. These findings demonstrate that B cells, and in particular transitional B cells, can promote prolongation of graft survival, a function dependent on licensing by gut microflora

Accuracy of mandibular vertical linear measurement in panoramic and tomography images

Introduction: The measurement precision of jaw is important for surgery or installing implants. Preimplant radiographs are important part of clinical evaluations before implant surgery. For choosing location, we should consider the important anatomical structures like mental foramen, inferior alveolar canal, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus.It is important to know the measurement accuracy of radiographic techniques. The purpose of this study was to compare mandibular vertical linear measurement in panoramic and tomography images. Methods: Three forms of mandible from dry adult human skulls were used in this study (triangle, square and ellipse). For each mandible, surgical stent was made using transparent with gold standard.acryl. A thin tube was placed in the stents in three regions (incisors, premolars and molars) to set gutta-percha. Then, the panoramic view and conventional tomography were obtained. Four oral and maxillofacial radiologists measured the vertical dimension in panoramic and conventional tomography. Finally, each mandible was sectioned in the marked sections and was measured by a digital caliper (gold standard) and compared with conventional tomography and panoramic view .The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS18 software and student t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and non parametric Mann-Whitney Test. Results: The mean difference between the panoramic and gold standard linear vertical dimension values in premolar and molar regions was above 1mm and above 2mm in incisor region. The mean difference between conventional tomography and gold standard measurements in all three regions was 1mm. Conclusions: The linear measurement of vertical dimension in conventional tomography was more precise than panoramic. The use of a 2.0 mm safety margin in the evaluation of implant sites was recommended.In incisor area, the other radiography methods like CBCT was suggested

Modulating cell adhesion to polybutylene succinate biotextile constructs for tissue engineering applications

Textile-based technologies are powerful routes for the production of three-dimensional porous architectures for tissue engineer- ing applications because of their feasibility and possibility for scaling-up. Herein, the use of knitting technology to produce polybutylene succinate fibre-based porous architectures is described. Furthermore, different treatments have been applied to functionalize the surface of the scaffolds developed: sodium hydroxide etching, ultraviolet radiation exposure in an ozone atmosphere and grafting (acrylic acid, vinyl phosphonic acid and vinyl sulphonic acid) after oxygen plasma activation as a way to tailor cell adhesion. A possible effect of the applied treatments on the bulk properties of the textile scaffolds has been considered and thus tensile tests in dry and hydrated states were also carried out. The microscopy results indicated that the surface morphol- ogy and roughness were affected by the applied treatments. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measure- ments showed the incorporation of oxygen-containing groups and higher surface free energy as result of the surface treatments applied. The DNA quantification and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that these modifications enhanced cell adhesion and altered cell morphology. Generally, sodium hydroxide treatment altered most significantly the surface properties, which in turn resulted in a high number of cells adherent to these surfaces. Based on the results obtained, the proposed surface treatments are appropriate to modify polybutylene succinate knitting scaffolds, influencing cell adhesion and its potential for use in tissue engineering applications. Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under POCTI and/or FEDERprogrammes under the scope of the project TISSUE2TISSUE (PTDC/CTM/105703/ 2008). The FCT distinction attributed to ALO under the Investigator FCT programme (IF/00411/2013

Continuous acquisition of MHC:peptide complexes by recipient cells contributes to the generation of anti-graft CD8+T cell immunity

Understanding the evolution of the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition following tissue transplantation is essential in the design of tolerance-promoting protocols. On the basis that donor bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cells are eliminated within days of transplantation, it has been argued that the indirect response represents the major threat to long term transplant survival, and is consequently the key target for regulation. However, the detection of MHC transfer between cells, and particularly the capture of MHC:peptide complexes by dendritic cells, led us to propose a third, semi-direct, pathway of MHC allorecognition. Persistence of this pathway would lead to sustained activation of direct pathway T cells, arguably persisting for the life of the transplant. In this study, we focused on the contribution of acquired MHC class I, on recipient DCs, during the life span of a skin graft. We observed that MHC class I acquisition by recipient DCs occurs for at least one month following transplantation and may be the main source of alloantigen that drives CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses. In addition, acquired MHC class I-peptide complexes stimulate T cell responses in vivo further emphasizing the need to regulate both pathways to induce indefinite survival of the graft

Alloantigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness induced by dnIKK2 gene-transfected recipient immature dendritic cells

AbstractImmature dendritic cells (iDCs) have been shown to be able to induce peripheral T-cell tolerance through distinct pathways. Here, we investigated the tolerogenic property of recipient iDCs whose maturation was arrested by a dominant negative mutant of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase 2 (dnIKK2) gene. We found that dnIKK2-iDCs presented a typical semi-mature morphology and expressed lower levels of CD80 and CD86, slightly higher MHC-II than untransfected iDCs. The expression of these molecules had no significant change even dnIKK2-iDCs were pulsed by donor antigen. In primary mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), dnIKK2-iDCs exhibited impaired ability to stimulate allogeneic T-cells, but induced CD4+CD25− T-cell formation. In co-culture MLR, these CD4+CD25− T-cells suppressed T-cell alloreaction in an antigen-specific manner. Besides, CD4+CD25− T-cells inhibited IL-2 and IFN-γ release, whereas promoted IL-10 and TGF-β secretion. These data suggested recipient dnIKK2-iDCs could maintain peripheral tolerance through down-regulating costimulatory molecule expressions and inducing CD4+CD25− T-cell formation

A role for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in shaping the human B cell repertoire

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A Novel Model on DST-Induced Transplantation Tolerance by the Transfer of Self-Specific Donor tTregs to a Haplotype-Matched Organ Recipient

Donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) can lead to significant prolongation of allograft survival in experimental animal models and sometimes human recipients of solid organs. The mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect on graft survival have been a topic of research and debate for decades and are not yet fully elucidated. Once we discover how the details of the mechanisms involved are linked, we could be within reach of a procedure making it possible to establish donor-specific tolerance with minimal or no immunosuppressive medication. Today, it is well established that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for maintaining immunological self-tolerance. A large number of animal studies have also shown that Tregs are essential for establishing and maintaining transplantation tolerance. In this paper, we present a hypothesis of one H2-haplotype-matched DST-induced transplantation tolerance (in mice). The formulated hypothesis is based on a re-interpretation of data from an immunogenetic experiment published by Niimi and colleagues in 2000. It is of importance that the naïve recipient mice in this study were never immunosuppressed and were therefore fully immune competent during the course of tolerance induction. Based on the immunological status of the recipients, we suggest that one H2-haplotype-matched self-specific Tregs derived from the transfusion blood can be activated and multiply in the host by binding to antigen-presenting cells presenting allopeptides in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II). We also suggest that the endothelial and epithelial cells within the solid organ allograft upregulate the expression of MHC-II and attract the expanded Treg population to suppress inflammation within the graft. We further suggest that this biological process, here termed MHC-II recruitment, is a vital survival mechanism for organs (or the organism in general) when attacked by an immune system