Formal and efficient verification techniques for Real-Time UML models

The real-time UML profile TURTLE has a formal semantics expressed by translation into a timed process algebra: RT-LOTOS. RTL, the formal verification tool developed for RT-LOTOS, was first used to check TURTLE models against design errors. This paper opens new avenues for TURTLE model verification. It shows how recent work on translating RT-LOTOS specifications into Time Petri net model may be applied to TURTLE. RT-LOTOS to TPN translation patterns are presented. Their formal proof is the subject of another paper. These patterns have been implemented in a RT-LOTOS to TPN translator which has been interfaced with TINA, a Time Petri Net Analyzer which implements several reachability analysis procedures depending on the class of property to be verified. The paper illustrates the benefits of the TURTLE->RT-LOTOS->TPN transformation chain on an avionic case study

From RT-LOTOS to Time Petri Nets new foundations for a verification platform

The formal description technique RT-LOTOS has been selected as intermediate language to add formality to a real-time UML profile named TURTLE. For this sake, an RT-LOTOS verification platform has been developed for early detection of design errors in real-time system models. The paper discusses an extension of the platform by inclusion of verification tools developed for Time Petri Nets. The starting point is the definition of RT-LOTOS to TPN translation patterns. In particular, we introduce the concept of components embedding Time Petri Nets. The translation patterns are implemented in a prototype tool which takes as input an RT-LOTOS specification and outputs a TPN in the format admitted by the TINA tool. The efficiency of the proposed solution has been demonstrated on various case studies

Mapping RT-LOTOS specifications into Time Petri Nets

RT-LOTOS is a timed process algebra which enables compact and abstract specification of real-time systems. This paper proposes and illustrates a structural translation of RT-LOTOS terms into behaviorally equivalent (timed bisimilar) finite Time Petri nets. It is therefore possible to apply Time Petri nets verification techniques to the profit of RT-LOTOS. Our approach has been implemented in RTL2TPN, a prototype tool which takes as input an RT-LOTOS specification and outputs a TPN. The latter is verified using TINA, a TPN analyzer developed by LAAS-CNRS. The toolkit made of RTL2TPN and TINA has been positively benchmarked against previously developed RT-LOTOS verification tool

Impact de la sécheresse sur l'évolution de la qualité des eaux du lac Mansour Eddahbi (Ouarzazate, Maroc)

L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'impact d'une année hydrologique très sèche (98/99) sur la qualité physico-chimique et l'évolution de l'état trophique du lac Mansour Eddahbi. Ce lac est situé dans la région de Ouarzazate, au sud du Maroc, caractérisée par un climat aride continental, avec des écarts thermiques hiver-été importants, des précipitations très faibles et une forte évaporation. Ceci induit une réduction considérable du volume total du lac et par suite une baisse de 14 m de son niveau.À la lumière des valeurs de températures enregistrées au niveau de la colonne d'eau, le lac peut être classé dans la catégorie des lacs monomictiques avec une seule période de mélange hivernale. Le pH est légèrement alcalin. La réduction du volume d'eau au niveau du lac a engendré une augmentation de la salinité des eaux. Une corrélation significative est enregistrée entre les deux paramètres (r2 =0,60 pour n=13 et p<0,05).Un déficit marqué en oxygène dissous (7,3 mg d'O2 /l comme moyenne en surface et des valeurs inférieures à 2 mg d'O2 /l voire nulles en profondeur durant la stratification), les teneurs en Chl "a" (24 µg/l) permettent de classer le lac dans la catégorie des lacs eutrophes. Selon les teneurs enregistrées en azote (0,2 mg/l) et en phosphores (0,02 mg/l), le lac est hyper-eutrophe. Deux années auparavant, le lac était considéré comme mésotrophe (ONEP/BRL, 1998). Les conditions climatiques sévères qui ont sévi durant l'année hydrologique 98/99 ont contribué à une évolution accélérée de l'état trophique du lac.Eutrophication is one of the most important water quality problems in lakes. Due to the effects of excessive external inputs of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), compounded with unfavorable climatic and hydrologic conditions, the lake undergoes major changes that involve both the physical-chemical properties of water and the aquatic communities living there. There have been many studies on lake ecosystems and their evolution (HENRY et al., 1984; AFDALI, 1993; HARRAK, 1991; LOUDIKI et al., 1994; SBIYYAA, 1998, MOUHRI et al., 1999). These studies relate especially to the role of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus mainly) in the evolution of lakes. The influence of climatic and hydrologic conditions on the structure and dynamics of these ecosystems has been often underestimated. Indeed, there are few studies on the relationship between climatic conditions and the trophic status of aquatic ecosystems.The aim of this paper is to study the behavior of the physical-chemical qualities of water in lake Mansour Eddahbi (Ouarzazate, Morocco) and its trophic status under severe climatic conditions, especially during the very dry hydrological year 1998/99. The Ouarzazate region is characterized by an arid continental climate with very hot summers and cold winters. Due to both great evaporation and increasing demand for water for irrigation, the water levels of the reservoir has been reduced by 14 m and its storage capacity has been considerably reduced. The approach used was to assess water quality in a station at the deepest area of the lake during the hydrological year 1998/99. Sampling was undertaken monthly and different parameters were analyzed including temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll a, phosphorus (TP and PO43-), and nitrogen (TNK, NO3 - and NH4 +).The results of this study demonstrated important seasonal variations of water temperature in the lake. Temperature varied from 9.5°C in the winter to as high as 28.5°C in the summer. Based on this parameter, the reservoir could be classified as a monomictic hot lake with one mixing period occurring in winter. In the entire water column, the pH values were slightly alkaline and oscillated between 7.8 and 8.5 at the surface and 7.4 to 8.2 at the bottom of the lake. This reflects a well-buffered system with moderate benthic decomposition activity. The decrease in water volume by evaporation and intensive use for irrigation resulted in an increase in water salinity. These two parameters presented a significant correlation (r2 =0.60 for n=13 and p<0.05). A decrease in dissolved oxygen from 7.3 mg O2 /l at the surface to 0 mg O2 /l at the bottom of the lake occurred during summer stratification. However, water of the lake reservoir was well oxygenated during preceding years (concentration of dissolved oxygen oscillated between 2 and 11 mg/l (ONEP/BRL, 1998)). Concentrations of chlorophyll a in the euphotic zone (8 m depth) were very important and varied from 12 µg/L (August 1998) to 49 µg/L (September 1999) with an average of 25 µg/L. Based on the chlorophyll a value, the lake Mansour Eddahbi could be classified as eutrophic.The lake has become shallower and the thermocline, beginning at 12 m below the surface, has moved closer to the deeper layers where exchange between sediments and the water column is important. These exchanges between the two compartments of the lake contributed to enrichment of the water column in summer, creating an internal nutrient load. During the hot period when the lake was stratified, there was a large loss of nitrogen from the system. During the mixing period, nitrates were present at substantial concentrations in the deeper regions, but in summer nitrates were consumed rapidly in the surface layer, leading to a limitation on phytoplankton growth in this period. This same phenomenon was also noticed by HENRY et al. (1984). Furthermore, these losses of nitrogen induce a strong reduction in the N/P ratio during this period.Orthophosphate concentrations decrease from the bottom layers to the surface, with almost total impoverishment in the upper strata. This impoverishment reaches 10 m during the summer period and these values are often limiting for the phytoplankton production. The correlation obtained between orthophosphate concentrations and chlorophyll a was significant, especially in summer (r2 =0.79 for n=13 and p<0.05).Nutrient exchange at the water and sediment interface was favoured by the anoxic conditions at the lake bottom that prevailed during the eight months of stratification. The release of these substances can alone, without external contributions, maintain important primary production. This was confirmed by the importance of phytoplankton development compared to the preceding years. The algae production seemed to be enhanced, even if the reported N/P ratio was not optimal, particularly during the period of stratification and had no significant correlation with chlorophyll a content (r2 =0.19, n=13 and p<0.05). This important production appeared to be the result of an internal enrichment of the lake in nutrients coming from the sediment. According to nitrogen (0.2 mg/L) and phosphorus values (0.02 mg/L), the lake could be classified as hypereutrophic whereas two years earlier it was considered mesotrophic (ONEP/BRL, 1998). This work shows clearly that the severe climate conditions during the hydrological year 1998/99 contributed to a rapid degradation of the trophic status of this lake. It changed from a mesotrophic to a hypereutrophic state, resulting from an important enrichment in nutrients and the consequent algal production

ANALISIS FITOKIMIA SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER EKTRAK KASAR ETANOL DAUN MERANTI MERAH (Shorea leprosula Miq.) DAN SIFAT ANTIBAKTERINYA TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus DAN Eschericia coli

This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites and antibacterial power crude extract copper leaf meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial power is determined by the size of inhibition zone formed using paper disc diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer. The research design using a completely randomized design (CRD), with a concentration of 6 treatments and 4 replication for each type of bacteria. Variations in the concentration of a given treatment consisting of 0%, 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, 15%, and chloramphenicol (positive control). The results shown that crude extract copper leaf meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and antibacterial power against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with the relatively strong antibacterial category. Anova analysis showed that the value of F count = 41,190 with sig = 0.000 <0.05, which means that H0 is rejected, in other words, treatment factors meranti copper leaf crude extract with various concentrations of 3.75%, 7.5%, 11, 25%, and 15%. different significantly affect the bacterial inhibition zone for S. aureus. The result same effect shown onE. coli demonstrated the value Fcount = 81, 236 with sig = 0.000 <0.05. These results demonstrate the influence of crude extract of leaf meranticopper very significantly to the growth of bacteria S. aureus and E. coli. At S.aureus, treatment concentration of 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, and 15%yielding different significant of inhibition zone. In the E.colibacterial, treatment concentration of 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, and 15% yielding different significant of inhibition zone.Best concentration as antibacterial S.aureus and E.coli have been shown on providing the lowest treatment concentration (3.75%), which shows the power antibacterial properties not significantly different from the concentration on it. Keywords: Leaf of Shorea leprosula Miq, secondary metabolite substance, antibacterial, Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder dan daya antibakteri ekstrak kasar daun meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula Miq.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus danEscherichia coli.Ukuran daya antibakteri ditentukan oleh zona hambat yang terbentuk menggunakan metode difusi kertas cakram Kirby-Bauer.Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan konsentrasi dari 6 perlakuan dan 4 replikasi untuk setiap jenis bakteri.Variasi  konsentrasi perlakuan yang diberikan terdiri atas 0%, 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, 15% dan  kloramfenikol (kontrol positif). Hasil penelitian menunujukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar daun meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula Miq.) mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, saponin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, fenol dan daya antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli, dengan kategori antibakteri tergolong kuat.Analisis anava menunjukkan bahwa nilai F hitung = 41.190 dengannilai sig = 0,000 < 0,05, yang berarti  bahwa H0ditolak, dengan kata lain faktor perlakuan ekstrak kasar daun meranti tembaga dengan variasi konsentrasi 3,75%, 7,5%, 11,25%, dan 15 %.  berpengaruhberbeda secara sangat signifikan terhadap zona hambat untuk bakteri S. aureus.Hal yang sama ditunjukkan pengaruhnya terhadap E.coli dengan nilai Fhitung = 81.236 dengannilai sig = 0,000 < 0,05. Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh ekstrak kasar daun meranti termbaga secara  sangatsignifikan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli. Pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus,perlakuan konsentrasi 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, dan 15% menghasilkan zona hambat yangberbeda signifikan. Pada bakteri Escherichia coli, perlakuan konsentrasi 3.75%, 7,5%, 11.25%, dan 15% menghasilkan zona hambat yang berbeda signifikan. Konsentrasi terbaik sebagai antibakteri S.aureus dan E.coli telah ditunjukkan pada pemberian konsentrasi perlakuan terendah (3,75 %), yang menunjukkan sifat daya antibakterinya tidak berbeda nyata dengan konsentrasi di atasnya. Kata Kunci : Daun meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula Miq.), zat bioaktif, antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia col

Mucocutaneous manifestations and nail changes in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

Mucocutaneous manifestations are common among patients on hemodialysis (HD). This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are on HD. In this cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study conducted in 2009, 100 patients on HD at the Five Azar Hospital in Gorgan city were randomly selected. All the patients underwent detailed examination by a dermatologist to look for lesions in the skin, hair, nail and mucous membranes; if felt necessary, biopsy was obtained from the lesions. The findings were statistically analyzed using SPSS-13 software. For evaluation of normality of distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used, for quantitative variables Mann-Whitney and T-test (abnormal distribution) were used and for qualitative variables, Chi-2 and Fisher were used. In this study, P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Fifty-one males and 49 females were enrolled. The mean age was 49 ± 12 years. Diabetes was the most common cause of ESRD. In 95% of the patients, at least one mucocutaneous manifestation was present. Xerosis (78.3%) was the most common lesion, followed by pruritus (39.1%), lentigo (34.8%), skin discoloration (32.6%), leukonychia (32%) and thinning of the nail bed (24%). Xerosis, scaling, lentigo, folliculitis, idiopathic guttate hypopigmentation, leukonychia and half and half nail were associated with age. A significant relationship was seen between duration on dialysis and skin discoloration and leukonychia. Clubbing had a significant association with calcium-phosphorus product (Ca � P). There was a significant association between serum ferritin level and pruritus and tinea versicolor lesions. Our study shows that mucocutaneous manifestations are common among patients with ESRD. Identification of these manifestations and their association with causative factors are useful for preventing the lesions

Incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading online newspapers by the third semester students at the English Education Study program of IAIN Palangka Raya

Incidental vocabulary acquisition means learners could acquire vocabulary by paying their attention to other things, especially information carried on by the language, and not to learn vocabulary technically. The objectives of the study are (a) To measure the effect of reading online newspapers toward students’ vocabulary acquisition incidentally by the third semester students at the English education study program of IAIN Palangka Raya and (b) To describe the third semester students’ attitudes at the English education study program of IAIN Palangka Raya towards learning words incidentally to acquire vocabulary through reading English texts and online newspapers. The researcher used quantitative method with quasi-experimental design. The population of the study were the third semester students at the English Education Study Program of IAIN Palangka Raya which consist of 45 students. The researcher used clustering sampling in this study and took two classes as control class and experiment class. Then the researcher used Paired Simple T Test to analyze the data test and the result showed that (a) there was significant effect of reading online newspapers toward students’ vocabulary acquisition incidentally with tvalue was higher than ttable (-(2.179) ≤ -6.150 ≥ -(3.055)). (b) The third semester students had positive attitudes at the English education study program of IAIN Palangka Raya towards learning words incidentally to acquire vocabulary through reading English texts and online newspapers. Because of the mean score were for reading English texts was 3.62-4.00 and for reading online newspapers was 3.46-4.15 classified into moderately agree to agree. Beside that, the students give positive atitudes while reading process. This study has the limited time, so for the future researcher should be conduct the longer time in their research, because in the term of incidental vocabulary acquisition and the students’ attitudes, the process is the important one. ABSTRAK Pemerolehan kosakata secara tidak disengaja maksudnya pelajar bisa memperoleh kosakata dengan mereka memperhatikan pada hal yang lain, khususnya informasi yang dibawa oleh bahasa, dan tidak untuk belajar kosakata secara teknis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (a) untuk mengukur pengaruh dari membaca koran elektronik terhadap pemerolehan kosakata mahasiswa secara tidak disengaja oleh mahasiswa semester III Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IAIN Palangka Raya dan (b) untuk menggambarkan cara berpikir atau perilaku mahasiswa semester III Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IAIN Palangka Raya terhadap pembelajaran kosakata secara tidak disengaja untuk memperoleh kosakata melalui membaca teks Bahasa Inggris dan koran elektronik. Peneliti menggunakan metode Kuantitatif dengan desain quasi-experiment. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah mashasiswa semester III Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IAIN Palangka Raya yang terdiri dari 40 mahasiswa. Peneliti menggunaan sampling kluster dalam penelitian ini dan mengambil dua kelas sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas experimen. Kemudian peneliti menggunakan Paired Simple T Test untuk menganalisis data test dan hasilnya menunjukakn bahwa (a) ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari membaca koran elektronik terhadap pemerolehan kosakata mahasiswa secara tidak disengaja dengan thitung lebih tinggi daripada ttabel (-(2.179) ≤ -6.150 ≥ -(3.055)). (b) mahasiswa semester III Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IAIN Palangka Raya memiliki cara piker atau perilaku yang positif terhadap pembelajaran pemerolehan kosakata secara tidak disengaja untuk memperoleh kosakata melaui membaca teks bahasa Inggris dan koran elekronik. Karena dari nilai rata-rata adalah untuk membaca teks bahasa Inggris 3.62-4.00 dan untuk membaca koran elektronik 3.46-4.15 tergolong ke sedang (netral) sampai setuju. Disamping itu, mahasiswa juga memberikan cara pikir atau perilaku yang positif saat proses membaca. Penelitian ini memiliki waktu yang sangat singkat, jadi untuk peneliti selanjutnya seharusnya menyediakan waktu yang lebih lama untuk penelitian mereka, karena dalam hal pemerolehan kosakata secara tidak disengaja dan cara pikir atau perilaku siswa, proses adalah yang paling penting

Survey of crude oil toxicity component removal by adsorbtion with powdered activated carbon

زمینه و هدف: نفت خام ترکیبی بسیار پیچیده بوده که حاوی هزاران هیدروکربن با اثرات مضری مثل سرطان زایی و اثرات خونی می باشد. به دلیل حجم نسبتاً زیاد ورود آن به محیط های آبی، انجام تصفیه موثر روی پساب های حاوی نفت خام بسیار مهم می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی حذف ترکیبات عامل سمیت نفت خام در آب به وسیله جذب سطحی با کربن فعال پودری انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی نمونه استاندارد قسمت محلول نفت خام با اختلاط یک قسمت نفت خام با 9 قسمت آب تهیه گردید. جهت آزمون سمیت از غلظت های مختلف قسمت محلول نفت خام و لارو ماهی قزل آلا استفاده شد. قبل و بعد از اضافه کردن 10، 20، 40 و 60 میلی گرم بر میلی لیتر کربن فعال پودری، آزمون سمیت و کربن آلی کل روی نمونه ها انجام گردید. غلضت کشنده 50 (LC50) نمونه ها توسط برنامه آماری پروبیت محاسبه شده و نتایج مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: غلظت کشنده 50 محلول نفت خام قبل از استفاده از کربن فعال در زمان های 24، 48 و 96 ساعت به ترتیب 5/129، 5/69 و 6 به دست آمد. این غلظت با افزودن کربن فعال افزایش داشت که این افزایش وابسته به غلظت بود. به طوری که غلظت کشنده 50 96 ساعته بعد از اضافه کردن کربن فعال با غلظت های 10، 20، 40، 50، 60 میلی گرم بر لیتر به ترتیب 8/94، 6/106، 8/117، 3/138 و 5/181 میلی گرم بر لیتر اندازه گیری شد. مقادیر کربن آلی کل در غلظت های 0، 10، 20، 40، 50 و 60 میلی گرم بر لیتر کربن فعال به ترتیب 89/54، 81/44، 88/43، 16/38، 62/36 و 14/35 میلی گرم بر لیتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: کربن فعال باعث کاهش سمیت و کربن آلی کل نمونه ها گردید. با افزایش میزان کربن فعال مورد استفاده، سمیت کاهش بیشتری را نشان داده اما کربن آلی کل با شدت سمیت کاهش نیافت. در صورت بروز حوادث و ورود نفت خام به منابع آب آشامیدنی استفاده از روش کربن فعال پودری می تواند مورد نظر قرار گیرد