Crew Conduct as Unseaworthiness

It seems repugnant to all law that a shipowner should be held liable under the doctrine of unseaworthiness for occurrences which he has no reasonable way of preventing. The shipowner may be best protected by incorporating his knowledge of a crew member\u27s dangerous propensities as an element of proof in assault cases based on unseaworthiness. Should general maritime law continue to offer legal barriers to shipowners, a seaman\u27s workmen\u27s compensation statute or a general re-draft of the Jones Act could enable the shipowner to set up stronger defense in an unseaworthiness action

Extremal words in morphic subshifts

Given an infinite word X over an alphabet A a letter b occurring in X, and a total order \sigma on A, we call the smallest word with respect to \sigma starting with b in the shift orbit closure of X an extremal word of X. In this paper we consider the extremal words of morphic words. If X = g(f^{\omega}(a)) for some morphisms f and g, we give two simple conditions on f and g that guarantees that all extremal words are morphic. This happens, in particular, when X is a primitive morphic or a binary pure morphic word. Our techniques provide characterizations of the extremal words of the Period-doubling word and the Chacon word and give a new proof of the form of the lexicographically least word in the shift orbit closure of the Rudin-Shapiro word.Comment: Replaces a previous version entitled "Extremal words in the shift orbit closure of a morphic sequence" with an added result on primitive morphic sequences. Submitte

Suffix conjugates for a class of morphic subshifts

Let A be a finite alphabet and f: A^* --> A^* be a morphism with an iterative fixed point f^\omega(\alpha), where \alpha{} is in A. Consider the subshift (X, T), where X is the shift orbit closure of f^\omega(\alpha) and T: X --> X is the shift map. Let S be a finite alphabet that is in bijective correspondence via a mapping c with the set of nonempty suffixes of the images f(a) for a in A. Let calS be a subset S^N be the set of infinite words s = (s_n)_{n\geq 0} such that \pi(s):= c(s_0)f(c(s_1)) f^2(c(s_2))... is in X. We show that if f is primitive and f(A) is a suffix code, then there exists a mapping H: calS --> calS such that (calS, H) is a topological dynamical system and \pi: (calS, H) --> (X, T) is a conjugacy; we call (calS, H) the suffix conjugate of (X, T). In the special case when f is the Fibonacci or the Thue-Morse morphism, we show that the subshift (calS, T) is sofic, that is, the language of calS is regular.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ergodic-theory-and-dynamical-systems/article/suffix-conjugates-for-a-class-of-morphic-subshifts/A531E7B26F382EDAF8455382C9C1DC9

Regional differences in the age and growth of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the US Gulf of Mexico

In the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) are managed as a unit stock, although the stock is assessed as subunits east and west of the Mississippi River. Differences were examined between management subunits by comparison of the size and age structure and growth rates of red snapper among recreational catches from 6 regions of the GOM: South Texas, North Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Northwest Florida, and Central Florida. In all of these regions, red snapper sampled in 2009 and 2010 were small and predominantly from age classes that represented the strong recruitment for the year classes of 2004-06. As such, our data indicate a highly truncated age structure with few fish older than 6 years. Demographic differences in size, age, and growth parameters were found. Small (550 ram in total length), fast-growing individuals dominated the catches in South Texas and the regions of Florida, whereas larger, slower-growing fish represented the majority of catches in Alabama and Louisiana. The potential mechanisms affecting observed demographic variation include environmental differences, fishing pressure, habitat preference, and management regimes; however, no definitive conclusion about cause and effect can be made. The combination of demographic differences between regions and consistent occurrence of the strong year classes GOM-wide supports recent conclusions that red snapper form a metapopulation of semi-isolated assemblages in the GOM

Least Periods of Factors of Infinite Words

We show that any positive integer is the least period of a factor of the Thue-Morse word. We also characterize the set of least periods of factors of a Sturmian word. In particular, the corresponding set for the Fibonacci word is the set of Fibonacci numbers. As a byproduct of our results, we give several new proofs and tightenings of well-known properties of Sturmian words.Work of the first author supported by a Discovery Grant from NSERC. Work of the second author supported by the Finnish Academy under grant 8206039.https://www.rairo-ita.org/articles/ita/abs/2009/01/ita08003/ita08003.htm

Square-free Words with Square-free Self-shuffles

We answer a question of Harju: For every n ≥ 3 there is a square-free ternary word of length n with a square-free self-shuffle.http://www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/v21i1p

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) protein hydrolysates

Sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) protein hydrolysates were known as a potential functional food source with angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory. The genotoxicity properties of S. horrens protein hydrolysates have been investigated through two different in vitro tests: Ames test and in vitro micronucleus test while the cytotoxicity properties of S. horrens protein hydrolysate were assessed using neutral red test. The study was conducted at a concentration up to 8000 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml for Ames test, in vitro micronucleus test and neutral red test respectively with and without metabolic activation. There were no increments in the number of revertant colonies observed at any concentrations of S. horrens protein hydrolysates with and without metabolic activation in all four strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) compared to the solvent control. In in vitro micronucleus test, S. horrens protein hydrolysate did not induce clastogenicity in V79 cell while in neutral red test, S. horrens protein hydrolysate did not show any cytotoxic effects on NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cell. In conclusion, S. horrens protein hydrolysates are safe in terms of genotoxic and cytotoxic hence have the potential to be used in pharmaceutical and food industries as functional ingredient

Multiple Phosphorylation of Rhodopsin and the In Vivo Chemistry Underlying Rod Photoreceptor Dark Adaptation

AbstractDark adaptation requires timely deactivation of phototransduction and efficient regeneration of visual pigment. No previous study has directly compared the kinetics of dark adaptation with rates of the various chemical reactions that influence it. To accomplish this, we developed a novel rapid-quench/mass spectrometry-based method to establish the initial kinetics and site specificity of light-stimulated rhodopsin phosphorylation in mouse retinas. We also measured phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, regeneration of rhodopsin, and reduction of all-trans retinal all under identical in vivo conditions. Dark adaptation was monitored by electroretinography. We found that rhodopsin is multiply phosphorylated and then dephosphorylated in an ordered fashion following exposure to light. Initially during dark adaptation, transduction activity wanes as multiple phosphates accumulate. Thereafter, full recovery of photosensitivity coincides with regeneration and dephosphorylation of rhodopsin

Workplace Contextual Supports for LGBT Employees: A Review, Meta‐Analysis, and Agenda for future Research

The past decade has witnessed a rise in the visibility of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This has resulted in some organizational researchers focusing their attention on workplace issues facing LGBT employees. While empirical research has been appropriately focused on examining the impact of workplace factors on the work lives of LGBT individuals, no research has examined these empirical relationships cumulatively. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis of the outcomes associated with three workplace contextual supports (formal LGBT policies and practices, LGBT‐supportive climate, and supportive workplace relationships) and to compare the relative influence of these workplace supports on outcomes. Outcomes were grouped into four categories: (a) work attitudes, (b) psychological strain, (c) disclosure, and (d) perceived discrimination. Results show that supportive workplace relationships were more strongly related to work attitudes and strain, whereas LGBT supportive climate was more strongly related to disclosure and perceived discrimination compared to the other supports. Our findings also revealed a number of insights concerning the measurement, research design, and sample characteristics of the studies in the present review. Based on these results, we offer an agenda for future research