Method for evaluation of guidance equipments for agricultural vehicles and GNSS signals effect

Pesquisas indicam que o uso de novas técnicas no campo da mecanização agrícola, como o tráfego controlado por meio de direcionamento com auxílio de Sistemas de Navegação Global por Satélites (GNSS), pode diminuir as exigências por energia associadas às operações de campo e aumentar a produtividade da mão de obra e da cultura. Alguns autores já utilizaram diferentes metodologias para avaliar erros de paralelismo em sistemas de orientação de veículos, porém não há um procedimento-padrão para medi-los. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar uma planilha eletrônica específica, determinar e comparar a acurácia no paralelismo de dois sistemas distintos de orientação de veículos (uma barra de luz e um piloto automático com atuador de volante) em trajetórias retilíneas e utilizando sinal de GPS com dois sistemas de correção diferencial (um com algoritmo interno e outro, um sinal via satélite com acurácia submétrica). Para a avaliação dos sistemas de correção, utilizou-se como referência o sinal de correção diferencial RTK (Real Time Kinematic) para realização de cinco passadas paralelas sucessivas para cada sistema de correção, caracterizando cinco repetições de cada tratamento. A planilha viabilizou o método de avaliação utilizado e os erros apresentados para as correções nos dois equipamentos analisados mostraram-se compatíveis com operações que exijam acurácia de paralelismo da ordem de decímetros.Researches indicate that the use of new techniques in agricultural machinery, as controlled traffic by steering systems with the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) may decrease the energy demand associated to field operations and increase labor efficiency and crop yield. Some authors already use different methodologies to evaluate the parallelism errors in guidance systems for vehicles, but there is no standard methodology to measure them. So, the objective of these work was to develop a specific spreadsheet, determinate and compare the accuracy in the parallelism of two distinct guidance systems (a light bar and an universal autopilot) working at straight path using GPS signal with two differential correction systems (one with internal algorithm and the other with satellite signal and sub metric accuracy). To evaluate both systems a RTK (Real Time Kinematic) differential correction was used, realizing five parallel and successive paths for each system, characterizing five replications for each treatment. The spreadsheet enabled the evaluation method used, and the errors for both equipments and signals analyzed, showed to be compatible with field operations that demand parallelism accuracy in the order of decimeters.FAPES

Capability of an optical sensor in verifying the sugarcane response to nitrogen rates

Técnicas de agricultura de precisão são alternativas para otimizar a utilização de insumos, dentre eles o nitrogênio. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a possibilidade de uso de um sensor ótico ativo comercial na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, verificando sua capacidade em identificar a resposta da cultura a diferentes doses de nitrogênio (N). Para tanto um experimento em blocos ao acaso foi instalado em área experimental de cana-de-açúcar de terceiro corte, colhida mecanicamente, com diferentes doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1) e quatro repetições. Aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o corte (DAC) realizou-se a mensuração do NDVI (índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada) a partir do sensor ótico. Não se obteve resposta do NDVI mensurado aos 30 e 60 DAC, porém aos 90 DAC se verificou que o sensor foi capaz de diferenciar as doses de N aplicadas, correlacionando-se positivamente com a produtividade final de colmos obtida. Este trabalho dá subsídios a trabalhos de mesma natureza que visem a gestão da adubação nitrogenada em cana-de-açúcar a partir de sensores óticos.Techniques of precision agriculture are alternatives to optimize the use of inputs, among them nitrogen. The present work had as its objective to verify the possibility of use of a commercial optical sensor in sugarcane, verifying its capability in identification of the crop response to different nitrogen (N) rates. An experiment was installed in randomized blocks in an experimental area with third sugarcane ratoon, harvested mechanically, with different N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and four repetitions. At 30, 60 and 90 days after the harvest (DAH) the measuring of NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) was accomplished starting from the optical sensor. No response was verified of NDVI on measurements at the 30 and 60 DAH, however at 90 DAH the sensor was capable to differentiate the doses of applied N, positively correlated with the sugarcane final production. This work gives subsidies to studies of same nature that seek the management of the nitrogen fertilization in sugarcane using optical sensor.FAPES

The era of reference genomes in conservation genomics

Progress in genome sequencing now enables the large-scale generation of reference genomes. Various international initiatives aim to generate reference genomes representing global biodiversity. These genomes provide unique insights into genomic diversity and architecture, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses of population and functional genomics, and are expected to revolutionize conservation genomics

The era of reference genomes in conservation genomics

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The era of reference genomes in conservation genomics

Progress in genome sequencing now enables the large-scale generation of reference genomes. Various international initiatives aim to generate reference genomes representing global biodiversity. These genomes provide unique insights into genomic diversity and architecture, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses of population and functional genomics, and are expected to revolutionize conservation genomics

How genomics can help biodiversity conservation

The availability of public genomic resources can greatly assist biodiversity assessment, conservation, and restoration efforts by providing evidence for scientifically informed management decisions. Here we survey the main approaches and applications in biodiversity and conservation genomics, considering practical factors, such as cost, time, prerequisite skills, and current shortcomings of applications. Most approaches perform best in combination with reference genomes from the target species or closely related species. We review case studies to illustrate how reference genomes can facilitate biodiversity research and conservation across the tree of life. We conclude that the time is ripe to view reference genomes as fundamental resources and to integrate their use as a best practice in conservation genomics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning