270 research outputs found
La administración pública en los estados y reflexiones sobre el federalismo
El federalismo en México, desde su concepción orig i nal en la Constitución de 1824, ha venido transformándose y adecuándose a las nuevas exigencias de estados y municipios para pasar de una centralización a una descentralización, con la finalidad de transferir más facultades y atribuciones del gobierno cen tral hacia otros órdenes gubernamentales. A la par, han surgido organizaciones como la Conferencia Nacional de Gobernadores (Conago) para el caso de los estados, y asociaciones como la Conferencia Nacional de Municipios de México (Conamm) para los municipios, como un contrapeso real para el fortalecimiento del federalismo. A continuación analizaremos algunos aspectos de la descentralización que están contribuyendo a dicho fortalecimiento en México
La Administración Pública en los Estados Federados
El propósito de la obra es poner en consideración de los lectores interesados y especialistas del tema, conocimientos articulados de las condiciones, situaciones y características de las administraciones públicas en las diversas entidades federativas en la actualidad, dejando en claro que tratándose de los temas generales, se da cuenta de conocimientos pertinentes para el análisis y que a su vez sean referentes básicos para entender la realidad política y administrativa de los gobiernos de los estados y del Distrito Federal, hoy Ciudad de México, además de identificar diferencias que son propias de las realidades políticas, sociales, económicas, administrativas, históricos, culturales, geográficas y también de los propios estilos de gobernar
Desarrollo municipal. Una visión contemporánea
Para los estudiosos y el público interesado en los asuntos municipales, 2013 fue un año emblemático porque se cumplieron tres décadas de la reforma al artículo 115 constitucional, precepto que sustancia la vida institucional de los municipios mexicanos. La vida municipal, merced a este periodo, se ha revitalizado, aunque de manera diferenciada entre caso y caso, pues la heterogeneidad económica, política y social persiste, así como sus efectos adversos, sobre los municipios más rezagados; ello es recordatorio de las deudas pendientes del Estado con esta expresión local. Tal revitalización ha alcanzado a la discusión académica con un resultado exuberante en producción editorial que da cuenta de significativos cambios en la vida asociada
Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory
A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding
eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers
with zenith angles greater than detected with the Pierre Auger
Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum
confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above
eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law with
index followed by
a smooth suppression region. For the energy () at which the
spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence
of suppression, we find
eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger
Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers.
These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of
the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray
energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30
to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of
the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is
determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated
using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due
to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components.
The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of
the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the
AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air
shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy
-- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy
estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the
surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator
scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent
emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for
the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at
least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy
We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio
emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate
energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of
15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV
arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling
quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from
state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our
measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric
energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with
our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector
against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI.
Supplemental material in the ancillary file
Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe
We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July
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