Studies on the Spherical Bodies Containing Anthocyanins in Plant cells, IV. : A Survey of the Occurrence of Anthocyanoplasts in the Hypocotyls in some Plant Species.

A survey was conducted on the occurrence of anthocyanoplasts using the hypocotyls of 16 families comprising 35 species, of which the names appear in Table 1. The present survey resulted in the discovery that anthocyanoplasts were recognized in the hypocotyls of 21 species. The sizes of the anthocyanoplasts, their shapes and their colors found here closely resembled those in the hypocotyls of radish previously reported on by YASUDA et al. (1985). However, there were some differences between the anthocyanoplasts found here and those of radish. Especially the morning glory hypocotyl data were strikingly different from those obtained from radish, as is shown below. 1. The relationship between the pigment level in the hypocotyls and the frequency with which anthocyanoplasts appear in them. Anthocyanoplast appeared during whole period of pigment formation of morning glory, while in contrast anthocyanoplasts only appeared in the hypocotyls of radish during the first half of pigment formation. 2. The relationship between the numbers of anthocyanoplasts per cell and their diameters The relationship between them was rather complicated, suggesting that fusion of several smaller anthocyanoplasts and the division of larger anthocyanoplasts occurred alternatively during the developmental course of anthocyanoplasts. This differs very markedly from the hypocotyls of radish which showed fusion only in their developmental stages. It was also found that the anthocyanoplasts in the hypocotyls of morning glory have the ability to display light reaction in anthocyanin biosynthesis exactly like the hypocotyls of radish.Article信州大学理学部紀要 27(1): 15-21(1992)departmental bulletin pape

Research Project on the Design for the Optimum Disclosure System Volume 2: Sustainable Growth of Japanese Companies and the Direction of Non-financial Information Disclosure (Japanese)

For quite some time there has been a debate surrounding the issue requiring companies to disclose not only financial information but also non-financial information, as shown in recent efforts for enhanced business reporting (EBR). This discussion paper explores non-financial information in three aspects: social and environmental information, intellectual capital information, and risk information, and it also examines the extent and reasons for the disclosure of non-financial information. In addition, the question about the media is also discussed with consideration to the trend for integrated reporting and XBRL. Ultimately, non-financial information should fuse with financial information and evolve to become integrated reporting. XBRL can only realize its potential if both non-financial information and financial information are integrated. However, there are many obstacles for realizing integrated reporting at one time. Therefore, to stimulate a change in investor behavior and company behavior, as argued by some international organizations such as IIFC, there is an urgent demand for extended reporting that integrates information on sustainability and information on intellectual capital as a source of company competitive advantage. For such non-financial information, there is a necessity to discuss questions related to an expansion in management's disclosure responsibility, as well as the corresponding judgment in auditing. There is also a necessity to discuss questions concerning how to reduce the cost of auditing and how to construct an assurance system that helps to improve the reliability of information and to limit the overextension of non-financial information.

Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the most common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), hypertension being the main known risk factor. Here, we identify 27 genome-wide loci for WMH-volume in a cohort of 50,970 older individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension. Aggregated WMH risk variants were associated with altered white matter integrity (p = 2.5×10-7) in brain images from 1,738 young healthy adults, providing insight into the lifetime impact of SVD genetic risk. Mendelian randomization suggested causal association of increasing WMH-volume with stroke, Alzheimer-type dementia, and of increasing blood pressure (BP) with larger WMH-volume, notably also in persons without clinical hypertension. Transcriptome-wide colocalization analyses showed association of WMH-volume with expression of 39 genes, of which four encode known drug targets. Finally, we provide insight into BP-independent biological pathways underlying SVD and suggest potential for genetic stratification of high-risk individuals and for genetically-informed prioritization of drug targets for prevention trials.Peer reviewe

Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the most common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), hypertension being the main known risk factor. Here, we identify 27 genome-wide loci for WMH-volume in a cohort of 50,970 older individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension. Aggregated WMH risk variants were associated with altered white matter integrity (p = 2.5×10-7) in brain images from 1,738 young healthy adults, providing insight into the lifetime impact of SVD genetic risk. Mendelian randomization suggested causal association of increasing WMH-volume with stroke, Alzheimer-type dementia, and of increasing blood pressure (BP) with larger WMH-volume, notably also in persons without clinical hypertension. Transcriptome-wide colocalization analyses showed association of WMH-volume with expression of 39 genes, of which four encode known drug targets. Finally, we provide insight into BP-independent biological pathways underlying SVD and suggest potential for genetic stratification of high-risk individuals and for genetically-informed prioritization of drug targets for prevention trials.</p

Long-term efficacy of comprehensive multidisciplinary antibiotic stewardship programs centered on weekly prospective audit and feedback

Objective: To evaluate the long-term effects of comprehensive antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) on antibiotic use, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and clinical outcomes. Design: Before-after study. Setting: National university hospital with 934 beds. Intervention: Implementation in March 2010 of a comprehensive ASPs including, among other strategies, weekly prospective audit and feedback with multidisciplinary collaboration. Methods: The primary outcome was the use of antipseudomonal antibiotics as measured by the monthly mean days of therapy per 1000 patient days each year. Secondary outcomes included overall antibiotic use and that of each antibiotic class, susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the proportion of patients isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among all patients isolated S. aureus, the incidence of MRSA, and the 30-day mortality attributable to bacteremia. Results: The mean monthly use of antipseudomonal antibiotics significantly decreased in 2011 and after as compared with 2009. Susceptibility to levofloxacin was significantly increased from 2009 to 2016 (P = 0.01 for trend). Its susceptibility to other antibiotics remained over 84% and did not change significantly during the study period. The proportion of patients isolated MRSA and the incidence of MRSA decreased significantly from 2009 to 2016 (P < 0.001 and = 0.02 for trend, respectively). There were no significant changes in the 30-day mortality attributable to bacteremia during the study period (P = 0.57 for trend). Conclusion The comprehensive ASPs had long-term efficacy for reducing the use of the targeted broad-spectrum antibiotics, maintaining the antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa, and decreasing the prevalence of MRSA, without adversely affecting clinical outcome