Effect of nanoscale curvature sign and bundle structure on supercritical H2 and CH4 adsorptivity of single wall carbon nanotube

The adsorptivities of supercritical CH(4) and H(2) of the external and internal tube walls of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) were determined. The internal tube wall of the negative curvature showed the higher adsorptivities for supercritical CH(4) and H(2) than the external tube wall of the positive curvature due to their interaction potential difference. Fine SWCNT bundles were prepared by the capillary force-aided drying treatment using toluene or methanol in order to produce the interstitial pore spaces having the strongest interaction potential for CH(4) or H(2); the bundled SWCNT showed the highest adsorptivity for supercritical CH(4) and H(2). It was clearly shown that these nanostructures of SWCNTs are crucial for supercritical gas adsorptivity.ArticleADSORPTION-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ADSORPTION SOCIETY. 17(3):643-651 (2011)journal articl

Onset of breast and pubic hair development in 1231 preadolescent Lithuanian schoolgirls

Background: Correct staging of puberty is essential in order to differentiate different pathologies, as various components of the endocrine system influence breast, pubic, and axillary hair development. Aims: To determine the current timing of adrenarche and breast development in Lithuanian preadolescent schoolgirls. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1231 schoolgirls aged 7.0–11.6 years. Puberty was staged according to the method of Tanner. Mean age at entry into each pubertal stage was calculated by probit analysis. Results: Of the 255 girls aged 7 years, two had premature adrenarche (0.8%) and one premature thelarche (0.4%). Mean age of onset of pubic/axillary hair development was 11.0 years, and for breast development (Stage 2) 10.2 years. Breast Stage 3 development was attained at 11.3 years and Stage 4 at 13.9 years. Mean BMI, height, weight, and systolic blood pressure SD scores were higher in pubertal than in prepubertal girls. Skinfold thickness was also significantly higher in girls with isolated adrenarche than in prepubertal girls. The increase in BMI and weight resulted from an increase in body fat as evidenced by measures of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness. Girls with only signs of adrenarche or thelarche did not differ from each other from the anthropometric standpoint. Conclusions: Premature thelarche and premature adrenarche were relatively uncommon in this population. Pubertal onset was slightly earlier than the UK Tanner standards and tended to occur in girls with a higher BMI

Breast-Feeding and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes:A pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies

OBJECTIVE To investigate if there is a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children breastfed or exclusively breastfed by performing a pooled analysis with adjustment for recognized confounders. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of relevant studies were asked to provide individual participant data or conduct prespecified analyses. Meta-analysis techniques were used to combine odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS Data were available from 43 studies including 9,874 patients with type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was a reduction in the risk of diabetes after exclusive breast-feeding for >2 weeks (20 studies; OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88), the association after exclusive breast-feeding for >3 months was weaker (30 studies; OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.00), and no association was observed after (nonexclusive) breast-feeding for >2 weeks (28 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07) or >3 months (29 studies; OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-1.00). These associations were all subject to marked heterogeneity (I(2) = 58, 76, 54, and 68%, respectively). In studies with lower risk of bias, the reduced risk after exclusive breast-feeding for >2 weeks remained (12 studies; OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99), and heterogeneity was reduced (I(2) = 0%). Adjustments for potential confounders altered these estimates very little. CONCLUSION The pooled analysis suggests weak protective associations between exclusive breast-feeding and type 1 diabetes risk. However, these findings are difficult to interpret because of the marked variation in effect and possible biases (particularly recall bias) inherent in the included studies

Relation between gel stiffness and water holding for coarse and fine-stranded protein gels

The sensory perception of foods is directly related to gel morphology. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between gel water holding and stiffness for gels with a different morphology. Whey protein gels were prepared by varying ionic strength to create fine and coarse-stranded gels. These gels were characterized for their coarseness, stiffness and their water holding capacity. Fine gels were referred to typical coarseness length scale smaller than 0.1 μm and coarse gels were referred to coarseness length scale larger than 0.1 μm. Water holding was measured both as a function of time and of applied pressure. Increased gel coarseness length scale in both fine and coarse gels resulted in a larger extent of network deformation at a certain applied force. For fine gels, the coarseness length scale of the gel was shown to determine water removal. In the case of coarse gels, coarseness length scale and stiffness had a counteracting effect, but coarseness length scale was still dominant. These results show that the tuning of coarseness length scale of protein networks independent of stiffness or, the other way round, provides a tool to set the water holding capacity in food gels.</p

Relation between gel stiffness and water holding for coarse and fine-stranded protein gels

The sensory perception of foods is directly related to gel morphology. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between gel water holding and stiffness for gels with a different morphology. Whey protein gels were prepared by varying ionic strength to create fine and coarse-stranded gels. These gels were characterized for their coarseness, stiffness and their water holding capacity. Fine gels were referred to typical coarseness length scale smaller than 0.1 μm and coarse gels were referred to coarseness length scale larger than 0.1 μm. Water holding was measured both as a function of time and of applied pressure. Increased gel coarseness length scale in both fine and coarse gels resulted in a larger extent of network deformation at a certain applied force. For fine gels, the coarseness length scale of the gel was shown to determine water removal. In the case of coarse gels, coarseness length scale and stiffness had a counteracting effect, but coarseness length scale was still dominant. These results show that the tuning of coarseness length scale of protein networks independent of stiffness or, the other way round, provides a tool to set the water holding capacity in food gels.</p

Carbon hollow nanospheres from chlorination of ferrocene

6 pags., 9 figs., 1 tab.The chlorination of ferrocene at 900 °C yields very interesting carbon hollow nanospheres (CHNSs) with diameters of ∼50-150 nm and ∼12-25 nm thick walls. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy shows no traces of chlorine or iron and the π*/σ* ratio of the carbon bonding was quantified by electron energy-loss spectroscopy with 80% sp2 (100% sp2 for pure graphite). Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy has been used to establish the hollow nature of the CHNSs by thickness mapping. Electron energy loss spectroscopy, high-resolution TEM, and Raman microspectroscopy techniques have stated that the CHNS carbon walls are composed of disordered and independent curved graphene nanoflakes ∼3-4 nm long that tend to graphitize with longer reaction times. © 2007 American Chemical Society.The authors are thankful for financial support from the UCM-Santander project with reference PR 27/05-13982

Wella

Wella startades 1881och var fram till och med 2004 ett Tyskt famlijeägt företag. År 2004 köptes företaget upp utav Procter &amp; Gamble, ett multinationellt företag som innehar ett brett sortiment av olika varumärken från dagligvaruhandel till skönhetsprodukter. Wella är indelad i tre divisioner samt ytterligare en division inom frisördivisionen. Denna division benämns Selective Brands. Idag präglas marknaden av snabba växlingar och kunder kan, via informationskanaler såsom Internet, snabbt erhålla information om liknande produkter från andra leverantörer. På grund av det snabba informationsflödet förändras marknaden snabbt vilket i sin tur leder till att produkterna får en allt kortare livslängd då konsumenterna blir mer kräsna. Följer man inte modets snabba trendväxlingar så är risken stor att man förlorar marknadsandelar. Genom att genomföra en fallstudie av Wella strävar vi efter att se vilka åtgärder som har lett till att Wella ökar sina marknadsandelar och hur affärsutvecklingen ser ut i företaget. Frisördivisionen är uppdelad i två delar där den ena delen konkurrerar på bredden genom att synas i så många frisörsalonger som möjligt. Selective Brands däremot, konkurrerar med att skapa personliga relationer mer på djupet. Denna uppsats behandlar företagets tillvägagångssätt då de söker försvara sig mot den hårda konkurrensen