Rule of Law in a Pakistani Society

In every society and country almost every person needs a smooth, fair,peaceful, and organized system not only for survival but also for well-being.With all these everyone needs a fair justice system. To find it, man has beenfighting hard since ancient times. Almost majority of the people including writershas attempted to propose a draft. No free persons shall be subjected toarbitrary arrest, detention or exile, and we will not continue or deport, withoutlegal action by his peers or by law of the land. The obedience to the lawelevates empires and discards them equally as digging the graves of empires.The sustainability of earlier and current civilization is directly linked with the law.Those communities which are respecting the law and following rules in theirdaily life are considered as developed nations of the world. In the current timedifferent developed countries represent great great civilization because theyhave embraced the rule of law with its spirit of truth. At one time the Islamicworld was civilized until they believed in law, they followed law, they believed inequality and justice but they fell down on their knees when they began todisobey the principles of the rule of law. Considering Pakistan it is still rising inestablishing a well developed rule of law. In each department and at theindividual level, the law is not respected. No one cares about respecting andfollowing the rule of law, which is why they have not been able to find outwhere we are going in Pakistan

The sodium chloride cotransporter SLC12A3: new roles in sodium, potassium, and blood pressure regulation

SLC12A3 encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), which is primarily expressed in the kidney, but also in intestine and bone. In the kidney, NCC is located in the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule. Although NCC reabsorbs only 5 to 10 % of filtered sodium, it is important for the fine-tuning of renal sodium excretion in response to various hormonal and non-hormonal stimuli. Several new roles for NCC in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and blood pressure have been unraveled recently. For example, the recent discoveries that NCC is activated by angiotensin II but inhibited by dietary potassium shed light on how the kidney handles sodium during hypovolemia (high angiotensin II) and hyperkalemia. The additive effect of angiotensin II and aldosterone maximizes sodium reabsorption during hypovolemia, whereas the inhibitory effect of potassium on NCC increases delivery of sodium to the potassium-secreting portion of the nephron. In addition, great steps have been made in unraveling the molecular machinery that controls NCC. This complex network consists of kinases and ubiquitinases, including WNKs, SGK1, SPAK, Nedd4-2, Cullin-3, and Kelch-like 3. The pathophysiological significance of this network is illustrated by the fact that modification of each individual protein in the network changes NCC activity and results in salt-dependent hypotension or hypertension. This review aims to summarize these new insights in an integrated manner while identifying unanswered questions

Relationships Between Serum and Urine Phosphorus With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study

BACKGROUND: Serum phosphorus is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population but may not comprehensively reflect phosphorus homeostasis. Whether urine phosphorus/creatinine ratio (UPi/UCr, a marker of intestinal absorption) or urine fractional excretion of phosphorus (FePi, a marker of urinary phosphorus handling) is associated with risk of mortality or CVD is uncertain. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 1,325 community-dwelling men aged ≥65 years. PREDICTORS: Serum phosphorus, UPi/UCr, and FePi. OUTCOMES: All-cause and CVD death. RESULTS: Mean age was 74±6 years, eGFR was 75±16 ml/min/1.73m(2), and serum phosphorus was 3.2±0.4 mg/dL. During 9.3 years median follow-up, there were 364 deaths (120 CVD deaths). After adjustment for demographics, CVD risk factors, and kidney function, the risks of all-cause death in the highest quartiles of serum phosphorus (≥3.6 mg/dL), UPi/UCr, and FePi were 1.63 (95% CI 1.23-2.17), 1.22 (95% CI 0.90-1.65), and 0.88 (95% CI 0.64-1.23), respectively. Results were similar for CVD death. Results were also similar irrespective of eGFR above or below 60 ml/min/1.73m(2). LIMITATIONS: Older, all male cohort. Few had advanced CKD. Specimens were collected in the morning after an overnight fast. CONCLUSIONS: In community-living older men, higher serum phosphorus is associated with all-cause and CVD death. In contrast, UPi/UCr and FePi were not. These findings do not support using UPi/UCr or FePi as adjuvant measures to predict risk of mortality or CVD in the general population