Effect of the frequency spectrum of road traffic noise on sleep: A polysomnographic study

Spectrum of sound affects noise annoyance. Spectral differences of road traffic noise (RTN) transmitted indoors are usual because of spectrally different sound insulation of facades. The purpose was to compare the effect of RTN spectrum on sleep. Twenty-one volunteers slept three nights in a sleep laboratory in three sound conditions: low-frequency (LF) RTN, high-frequency (HF) RTN, and quiet (control). The A-weighted equivalent levels were 37, 37, and 17 dB LAeq,8h, respectively. The nocturnal time profiles of LF and HF were equal. Sleep was measured with polysomnography and questionnaires. HF and LF did not differ from each other in respect to their effects on both objective and subjective sleep quality. The duration of deep sleep was shorter, satisfaction with sleep lower, and subjective sleep latency higher in HF and LF than in quiet. Contrary to subjective ratings given right after the slept night, HF was rated as the most disturbing condition for sleep after the whole experiment (retrospective rating). The finding suggests the sound insulation spectrum of the facade construction might play a role regarding the effects of RTN. More research is needed about the effects of spectrum on sleep because the field is very little investigated

The governors of school markets? : Local education authorities, school choice and equity in Finland and Sweden

As one of the key elements of the Nordic welfare model, education systems are based on the idea of providing equal educational opportunities, regardless of gender, social class and geographic origin. Since the 1990s, Nordic welfare states have undergone a gradual but wide-ranging transformation towards a more market-based mode of public service delivery. Along this trajectory, the advent of school choice policy and the growing variation in the between-school achievement results have diversified the previously homogenous Nordic education systems. The aim of our paper is to analyse how Finnish and Swedish local education authorities comprehend and respond to the intertwinement of the market logic of school choice and the ideology of equality. The data consist of two sets of in-depth thematic interviews with staff from the local providers of education, municipal education authorities. The analysis discloses the ways in which national legislation has authorized municipal authorities to govern the provision of education.Peer reviewe

Ten-year audit of Lichtenstein hernioplasty under local anaesthesia performed by surgical residents

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To analyse in a prospective trial the long-term results of Lichtenstein hernioplasty performed by surgical trainees.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Training of tension-free Lichtenstein hernia operation was started in our ambulatory unit as an outpatient procedure under local anaesthesia in 1996. After performing 36 teaching operations together with residents and their supervising specialist, 281 patients were operated during 1996-2000 either by one senior consultant (n = 141) or by 12 surgical trainees (n = 140). After 10 years, 247 (88%) patients were available for the long-term assessment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After one month postoperatively, the rate of wound infections (consultant 1.1%, residents 0.7%) and hematomas (consultant 1.1%, residents 3.0%) were low and not related to surgeon's training level (ns). Only 6 (2.1%) clinically evident recurrences were found after 10 years: two after specialist repair and four after trainee repair (ns). Although one third of the patients reported some discomfort after 3 and 10 years, 93-95% of the patients were very satisfied with the operation, with no statistical difference between the surgeons.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Ambulatory open mesh repair under local anaesthesia was a safe operation and the long-term results were acceptable among the patients operated by surgical trainees.</p

Exploring the physiological, neurophysiological and cognitive performance effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indoors

Rationale: An accumulation of CO2 in occupied indoor spaces is correlated to negative impacts on concentration, sleepiness and aspects of cognitive performance. However factors such as: (a) the relative effect of CO2 itself compared to other pollutants; (b) the minimum necessary exposure time for cognitive performance to be affected; and (c) the physiological drivers of cognitive performance reductions due to increased indoor CO2 concentrations are not yet clear. Method: A within-subjects counterbalanced study design was used to test cognitive performance, subjective and physiological parameters of 31 volunteers during short (< 40 minutes) exposures to normal CO2 (830 ppm) and high CO2 (2,700 ppm, raised by introducing pure CO2 alongside the occupant generated CO2). The study was conducted in a small naturally ventilated office and EEG was used as an objective indicator of sleepiness. Results: The addition of pure CO2 to the room resulted in the absence of an expected learning effect in two cognitive performance test battery components without measurably affecting any of the physiological, psychological, or reported comfort, sick building syndrome and health variables measured. However participants who had slept less the previous night appeared more susceptible to becoming sleepier as a result of the increased CO2. Contributions: The results suggest (1) the addition of pure CO2 may influence aspects of cognitive performance after only short exposures (2) these changes occur in the absence of clear physiological drivers, (3) lack of sleep may mediate people’s response to higher CO2 concentration

Deregulation, Privatisation and Marketisation of Nordic Comprehensive Education : Social Changes Reflected in Schooling

Peer reviewe

A direct microlens array imaging system for microscopy

Abstract This work presents the development of a new optical imaging system. Previous objections have claimed that it is easier to build a single good quality field lens than a large number of good microlenses and it is therefore better to use a field objective. The possible benefits from a field lens are here traded for a more compact and cost-efficient design that would be suitable for field diagnostics. The new imaging setup described in this work is based on a microlens array capable of capturing light field data and no other refractive optics are used. Hundreds of lenses with a diameter range 100 to 200 µm are used to capture small elementary images containing a small part of the sample. The design uses a single light source aperture enabling signal separation between the elementary images from the neighboring lenses. Prior art uses, for example, physical structures behind lenses for signal separation, making the suggested approach less complex. Further, the possibility for using printed microlens arrays for imaging instead of expensive glass lenses is studied. The captured light field data consisting of elementary images must be rendered for human viewing. A new method is developed where the rendering is based on gathering the resulting pixel values on a plane set freely in object space, enabling single pass rendering with possibilities to apply statistics to the contributing data improving the rendering quality. Commonly used projection or mosaicing based integration approaches do not allow this. The developed system has its resolution limited by the camera sensor pixel size and objects a few micrometers in size can be resolved. The results show that the imaging setup can be used to capture semi-microscopic images without expensive magnifying optics and it is useful in selected applications. For example, it is shown that the eggs of parasites causing Schistosomiasis can be detected automatically in a microscope sample. It is estimated that the system could be mass produced at low cost. The new system has no moving parts making it less susceptible to mechanical failures and it is compact in comparison with conventional microscopes. It could be a part of a point of care solution needed in diagnostic fieldwork.Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa kuvataan ja tarkastellaan uutta mikrolinsseihin perustuvaa mikroskooppista kuvantamismenetelmää. Aiemmin mikrolinssejä on käytetty tavanomaisten mikroskooppien ominaisuuksien laajentamiseen. Tässä työssä perinteiset mikroskooppiobjektit korvataan linssimatolla, kompaktin ja kustannustehokkaan rakenteen saavuttamiseksi. Käyttökohteena laitteelle on kenttädiagnostiikka. Uusi kuvausjärjestelmä perustuu mikrolinssimattoihin, joilla pystytään näytteistämään valokenttää. Muuta taittavaa optiikka ei käytetä. Sadat halkaisijaltaan 100-200 µm olevat linssit kuvaavat kukin pienen osan näytteestä. Linssien välisten signaalien sekoittumisen estämiseen käytetään hyvin kontrolloitua valonlähdettä. Aiemmin esitetyissä ratkaisuissa käytetään esimerkiksi fyysisiä rakenteita yksittäisten linssien takana. Nyt esitetty ratkaisu on yksinkertaisempi. Työssä esitetään uusi menetelmä osakuvista muodostuvan datan rekonstruktioon. Tuloskuvien muodostamiseksi pikselien arvot kerätään rekonstruktiopinnalle, joka on sijoitettu vapaasti esineavaruuteen. Tämä mahdollistaa laskennallisesti tehokkaan tuloskuvan muodostuksen, sekä tilastollisten menetelmien käytön tuloksen laadun parantamiseen. Kehitetyn järjestelmän resoluutiota rajoittaa kameran pikselikoko ja sillä voidaan havaita muutaman mikrometrin kokoisia kohteita. Tulokset osoittavat, että kuvausmenetelmä sopii mikroskooppisten kohteiden kuvaamiseen ilman kalliita suurentavia linssejä. Menetelmän käyttökelpoisuutta havainnollistetaan, muun muassa, automaattisella Schistosoma parasiitin munien tunnistuksella virtsanäytteestä. Uusi kuvausjärjestelmä on mahdollista toteuttaa edullisesti, siinä ei ole liikkuva osia ja se on pieni verrattuna tavanomaiseen mikroskooppiin. Esitetty ratkaisu soveltuu yhdeksi vaihtoehdoksi kenttädiagnostiikan tarpeisiin

La iatrogénie des traitements antalgiques chez les sujets âgés

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

North by northwest: Quality assurance and evaluation processes in European education

Governing processes in Europe and within Europeanization are often opaque and appearances can deceive. The normative practices of improvement in education, and the connected growth in performance measurement, have been largely understood in their own terms. However, the management of flows of information through quality assurance can be examined as a new form of governance, not just at the national level but within the broad policyscape of the European Union. The shaping of policy through data and the constant comparison for improvement against competition has come to be the standard by which public systems are judged. Indeed, public systems of education are recreated, and Europe is formed. The mediation of travelling policies and policy discourses across Europe constitute a polymorphic policyscape in which quality assurance and evaluation (QAE) has become a major instrument