Circulating levels of adipokines and IGF-1 are associated with skeletal muscle strength of young and old healthy subjects

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The Relationship Between Lower Limb Bone and Muscle in Military Recruits, Response to Physical Training, and Influence of Smoking Status

The relationship between bone and skeletal muscle mass may be affected by physical training. No studies have prospectively examined the bone and skeletal muscle responses to a short controlled exercise-training programme. We hypothesised that a short exercise-training period would affect muscle and bone mass together

Handgrip strength cannot be assumed a proxy for overall muscle strength

Objectives: Dynapenia, low muscle strength, is predictive for negative health outcomes and is usually expressed as handgrip strength (HGS). Whether HGS can be a proxy for overall muscle strength and whether this depends on age and health status is controversial. This study assessed the agreement between HGS and knee extension strength (KES) in populations differing in age and health status. Design: Data were retrieved from 5 cohorts. Setting and Participants: Community, geriatric outpatient clinics, and a hospital. Five cohorts (960 individuals, 49.8% male) encompassing healthy young and older individuals, geriatric outpatients, and older individuals post hip fracture were included. Measures: HGS and KES were measured according to the protocol of each cohort. Pearson correlation was performed to analyze the association between HGS and KES, stratified by sex. HGS and KES were standardized into sex-specific z scores. The agreement between standardized HGS and standardized KES at population level and individual level were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Pearson correlation coefficients were low in healthy young (male: 0.36 to 0.45, female: 0.45) and healthy older individuals (male: 0.35 to 0.37, female: 0.44), and moderate in geriatric outpatients (male and female: 0.54) and older individuals post hip fracture (male: 0.44, female: 0.57) (P<.05, except for male older individuals post hip fracture [P¼.07]). Intraclass correlation coefficient values were poor to moderate in all populations (ie, healthy young individuals [0.41, 0.45], healthy older individuals [0.37, 0.41, 0.44], geriatric outpatients [0.54], and older individuals post hip fracture [0.54]). Bland-Altman analysis showed that within the same population of age and health status, agreement between HGS and KES varied on individual level

Power training and postmenopausal hormone therapy affect transcriptional control of specific co-regulated gene clusters in skeletal muscle

At the moment, there is no clear molecular explanation for the steeper decline in muscle performance after menopause or the mechanisms of counteractive treatments. The goal of this genome-wide study was to identify the genes and gene clusters through which power training (PT) comprising jumping activities or estrogen containing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may affect skeletal muscle properties after menopause. We used musculus vastus lateralis samples from early stage postmenopausal (50–57 years old) women participating in a yearlong randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with PT and HRT interventions. Using microarray platform with over 24,000 probes, we identified 665 differentially expressed genes. The hierarchical clustering method was used to assort the genes. Additionally, enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways was carried out to clarify whether assorted gene clusters are enriched with particular functional categories. The analysis revealed transcriptional regulation of 49 GO/KEGG categories. PT upregulated transcription in “response to contraction”—category revealing novel candidate genes for contraction-related regulation of muscle function while HRT upregulated gene expression related to functionality of mitochondria. Moreover, several functional categories tightly related to muscle energy metabolism, development, and function were affected regardless of the treatment. Our results emphasize that during the early stages of the postmenopause, muscle properties are under transcriptional modulation, which both PT and HRT partially counteract leading to preservation of muscle power and potentially reducing the risk for aging-related muscle weakness. More specifically, PT and HRT may function through improving energy metabolism, response to contraction as well as by preserving functionality of the mitochondria

A family based tailored counselling to increase non-exercise physical activity in adults with a sedentary job and physical activity in their young children: design and methods of a year-long randomized controlled trial

Background. Epidemiological evidence suggests that decrease in sedentary behaviour is beneficial for health. This family based randomized controlled trial examines whether face-to-face delivered counselling is effective in reducing sedentary time and improving health in adults and increasing moderate-to-vigorous activities in children. Methods. The families are randomized after balancing socioeconomic and environmental factors in the Jyväskylä region, Finland. Inclusion criteria are: healthy men and women with children 3-8 years old, and having an occupation where they self-reportedly sit more than 50% of their work time and children in all-day day-care in kindergarten or in the first grade in primary school. Exclusion criteria are: body mass index > 35 kg/m2, self-reported chronic, long-term diseases, families with pregnant mother at baseline and children with disorders delaying motor development. From both adults and children accelerometer data is collected five times a year in one week periods. In addition, fasting blood samples for whole blood count and serum metabonomics, and diurnal heart rate variability for 3 days are assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up from adults. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activities providing detailed information on muscle inactivity will be used to realize the maximum potential effect of the intervention. Fundamental motor skills from children and body composition from adults will be measured at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Questionnaires of family-influence-model, health and physical activity, and dietary records are assessed. After the baseline measurements the intervention group will receive tailored counselling targeted to decrease sitting time by focusing on commute and work time. The counselling regarding leisure time is especially targeted to encourage toward family physical activities such as visiting playgrounds and non-built environments, where children can get diversified stimulation for play and practice fundamental of motor skills. The counselling will be reinforced during the first 6 months followed by a 6-month maintenance period. Discussion. If shown to be effective, this unique family based intervention to improve lifestyle behaviours in both adults and children can provide translational model for community use. This study can also provide knowledge whether the lifestyle changes are transformed into relevant biomarkers and self-reported health. Trial registration number. ISRCTN: ISRCTN28668090peerReviewe

Anokreksiaa sairastavan nuoren perheen psykoedukaatio

Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tarkoituksena on kuvata nuoren anoreksiaa sairastavan perheen tarvitsemaa psykoedukaatiota. Käypä hoito 2015 suosituksen mukaan syömishäiriötä sairastavan nuoren perheen mukaan ottaminen hoidon eri vaiheissa on oleellista, sillä perhe tarvitsee tukea ja informaatiota syömishäiriöstä sairautena. Perheelle tulee antaa riittävästi tietoa ja heidän tulisi saada vertaistukea samassa tilanteessa olevilta läheisiltä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen tietokantahaku toteutettiin loka- ja marraskuussa 2016 kolmeen tietokantaan CINAHL:iin, Scopus:een ja Mediciin. Varsinaiseen tulososioon sisällytettiin kolme tieteellistä artikkelia, jotka analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysimenetelmällä. Aineistolähtöisessä sisällönanalyysissä nousi esille, että anoreksiaa sairastavan nuoren perhe tarvitsee psykoedukatiivista tukea. Perheiden tarvitsema psykoedukatiivinen tuki on tiedon antamista sairaudesta sekä emotionaalisten ja sosiaalisten taitojen vahvistamista. Perheet tarvitsevat tietoa anoreksiasta sairautena, sen oireista ja sairauden ennusteesta. Perheet tarvitsevat tukea, jotta pystyisivät selviytymään sairauden aiheuttamista haastavista tunnekokemuksista, ja oppisivat paremmat vuorovaikutustaidot tunteidensa ilmaisuun. Lisäksi perheet tarvitsevat ohjausta, kuinka oppia rakentamaan parempi keskustelutaito perheenjäsenten kesken ja anoreksiaa sairastavan kanssa. Kun perheet saavat psykoedukatiivista tukea, se vähentää perheiden tunnekuormaa ja perheet pystyvät paremmin tukemaan nuorta toipumisessa. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan perheille annettu psykoedukaatio mahdollistaa nuoren paremman toipumisen anoreksiasta

Leg extension power deficit and mobility limitation in women recovering from hip fracture

Objective: After hip fracture, muscle strength and power remain persistently poor, especially in the fractured leg. This study explores whether asymmetrical leg extension power (LEP) deficit affects mobility in women after proximal femoral fracture (PFF). Design: In this observational study, LEP of both legs, 10- and 50-foot walking speed, and stair-climbing speed were measured in 43 women, aged 73-96, at 1 and 13 wks after surgical repair of PFF Asymmetrical LEP deficit was calculated as (fractured/(sum both legs)) X 100%. Results: Between weeks 1 and 13 after PFF surgery, LEP increased in the fractured and nonfractured legs by 100% and 30%, respectively. Asymmetrical deficit was reduced from 28.5 +/- 10.2% to 40.4 +/- 8.6%. Linear regression analyses showed that poorer LEP of the nonfractured leg at week 1 correlated significantly with slower walking (beta > 0.525, P 0.349, P 0.354, P 0.343, P < 0.018) at weeks 1 and 13, but not with walking speed. Conclusions: Higher LEP of the nonfractured leg predicted better recovery of mobility after PFF Larger asymmetrical LEP deficit correlated with limitation in climbing stairs-a more challenging mobility task where fluent performance requires unilateral force production

Effects of power training on mechanical efficiency in jumping

The use of d-cycloserine (DCS) as a cognitive enhancer to augment exposure-based cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) represents a promising new translational research direction with the goal to accelerate and optimize treatment response for anxiety disorders. Some studies suggest that DCS may not only augment extinction learning but could also facilitate fear memory reconsolidation. Therefore, the effect of DCS may depend on fear levels reported at the end of exposure sessions. This paper presents the rationale and design for a randomized controlled trial examining the relative efficacy of tailoring DCS administration based on exposure success (i.e. end fear levels) during a 5-session group CBT protocol for social anxiety disorder (n = 156). Specifically, tailored post-session DCS administration will be compared against untailored post-session DCS, untailored pre-session DCS, and pill placebo in terms of reduction in social anxiety symptoms and responder status. In addition, a subset of participants (n = 96) will undergo a fear extinction retention experiment prior to the clinical trial in which they will be randomly assigned to receive either DCS or placebo prior to extinguishing a conditioned fear. The results from this experimental paradigm will clarify the mechanism of the effects of DCS on exposure procedures. This study aims to serve as the first step toward developing an algorithm for the personalized use of DCS during CBT for social anxiety disorder, with the ultimate goal of optimizing treatment outcome for anxiety disorders