Pemulihan Hak-Hak Korban Penyiksaan di Tahanan Kepolisian Sektor Sijunjung, Sumatera Barat

: Acts of torture are still rife in Indonesia. Protection of the victim to be one of the thorny issues in the act of torture. Since the reform era, there are certain rules and institutions that affect the regime of protection of victims in Indonesia, but not enough to provide protection for victims of torture. In addition to the lack of legal instruments that specifically regulates matters of acts of torture, the perception of inequality among law enforcers is also a major obstacle to the healing process rights of victims of torture. Absence of regulations explicitly declare torture as a crime and violation of human rights can not be postponed again. Because the torture emerged from an authority given by the state as a law enforcer, but lack of control. The victims are in a very vulnerable side for dealing with the state as an actor and also law enforcement. LPSK as an independent state institution has a great opportunity to overcome the imbalances which in essence gives a more real justice for victims

Jure Leaf Extract (Nerium indium Mill.) Increased 5-Fluorouracil Sensitivity through Inhibition of NF-κB Activation and Transporter Protein in WiDr Colon Cancer Cell

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first line chemotherapeutic agents for colon cancer therapy. Long term used of 5-FU caused cancer cell resistency. Thus, co-chemoteraputics agent should be developed to increase cells sensitivty towards 5-FU. Jure leaf  (Nerium indicum Mill) extract (JLE) contains oleandrin which has cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cell. The ain of this study was to investigated the mechanism of JLE to sensitized colon cancer cell toward 5-FU through NF-κB inhibition and MRP protein repression. JLE was extracted by soxhletation method. Based on molecular docking to MRP protein, docking score of oleandrin (-50,496)  was higher than native ligand ATP (-125,817). Oleandrin could interfere interaction with MRP. JLE increased 5-FU sensitivity a dose of 2 µg/mL JLE dan 12,5 µM 5-FU with the combination index (CI) of  0,594. Combination of JLE and 5-FU also inhibit p65 protein expression on WiDr cell.Keywords: cytotoxic, Nerium indicum Mill., oleandrin, immunofluorescence, molecular dockin

Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome

The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite

The genome of the water strider Gerris buenoi reveals expansions of gene repertoires associated with adaptations to life on the water

Background: Having conquered water surfaces worldwide, the semi-aquatic bugs occupy ponds, streams, lakes, mangroves, and even open oceans. The diversity of this group has inspired a range of scientific studies from ecology and evolution to developmental genetics and hydrodynamics of fluid locomotion. However, the lack of a representative water strider genome hinders our ability to more thoroughly investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of adaptation and diversification within this group. Results: Here we report the sequencing and manual annotation of the Gerris buenoi (G. buenoi) genome; the first water strider genome to be sequenced thus far. The size of the G. buenoi genome is approximately 1,000Mb, and this sequencing effort has recovered 20,949 predicted protein-coding genes. Manual annotation uncovered a number of local (tandem and proximal) gene duplications and expansions of gene families known for their importance in a variety of processes associated with morphological and physiological adaptations to a water surface lifestyle. These expansions may affect key processes associated with growth, vision, desiccation resistance, detoxification, olfaction and epigenetic regulation. Strikingly, the G. buenoi genome contains three insulin receptors, suggesting key changes in the rewiring and function of the insulin pathway. Other genomic changes affecting with opsin genes may be associated with wavelength sensitivity shifts in opsins, which is likely to be key in facilitating specific adaptations in vision for diverse water habitats. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that local gene duplications might have played an important role during the evolution of water striders. Along with these findings, the sequencing of the G. buenoi genome now provides us the opportunity to pursue exciting research opportunities to further understand the genomic underpinnings of traits associated with the extreme body plan and life history of water striders

Molecular evolutionary trends and feeding ecology diversification in the Hemiptera, anchored by the milkweed bug genome.

BACKGROUND: The Hemiptera (aphids, cicadas, and true bugs) are a key insect order, with high diversity for feeding ecology and excellent experimental tractability for molecular genetics. Building upon recent sequencing of hemipteran pests such as phloem-feeding aphids and blood-feeding bed bugs, we present the genome sequence and comparative analyses centered on the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, a seed feeder of the family Lygaeidae. RESULTS: The 926-Mb Oncopeltus genome is well represented by the current assembly and official gene set. We use our genomic and RNA-seq data not only to characterize the protein-coding gene repertoire and perform isoform-specific RNAi, but also to elucidate patterns of molecular evolution and physiology. We find ongoing, lineage-specific expansion and diversification of repressive C2H2 zinc finger proteins. The discovery of intron gain and turnover specific to the Hemiptera also prompted the evaluation of lineage and genome size as predictors of gene structure evolution. Furthermore, we identify enzymatic gains and losses that correlate with feeding biology, particularly for reductions associated with derived, fluid nutrition feeding. CONCLUSIONS: With the milkweed bug, we now have a critical mass of sequenced species for a hemimetabolous insect order and close outgroup to the Holometabola, substantially improving the diversity of insect genomics. We thereby define commonalities among the Hemiptera and delve into how hemipteran genomes reflect distinct feeding ecologies. Given Oncopeltus's strength as an experimental model, these new sequence resources bolster the foundation for molecular research and highlight technical considerations for the analysis of medium-sized invertebrate genomes

Pengembangan LKPD Matematika Berbasis Problem Based Learning di Sekolah Dasar

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengembangkan LKPD Matematika berbasis Problem Based Learning Materi FPB dan KPK kelas V Sekolah Dasar. Pengembangan LKPD Matematika dilatarbelakangi oleh kebutuhan pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik dalam pemecahan masalah, kemampuan dalam berfikir kritis serta menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan (research and development/R&D). Tahapan utama dalam penelitian dan pengembangan ini adalah (1) pengumpulan informasi dan penelitian pendahuluan; (2) perencanaan; (3) pengembangan produk; (4) pengujian terbatas, dan (5) revisi produk akhir. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pendidik kelas V SD Negeri kecamatan Tegineneng. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian adalah 3 (tiga) guru kelas V SDN 28 Tegineneng, SDN 20 Tegineneng, dan SDN 1 Tegineneng. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi dan angket. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan materi LKPD berbasis PBL di Sekolah Dasar sangat layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Hal tersebut berdasarkan hasil validasi ahli materi sebesar 92,17%, hasil validasi ahli desain sebesar 86,67%, hasil validasi ahli media sebesar 89,56% dan hasil tes kepada guru sebesar 92,13%

Integrating evo-devo with ecology for a better understanding of phenotypic evolution

International audienceEvolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has provided invaluable contributions to our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between genotypic and phenotypic change. Similarly, evolutionary ecology has greatly advanced our understanding of the relationship between the phenotype and the environment. To fully understand the evolution of organismal diversity, a thorough integration of these two fields is required. This integration remains highly challenging because model systems offering a rich ecological and evolutionary background, together with the availability of developmental genetic tools and genomic resources, are scarce. In this review, we introduce the semi-aquatic bugs (Gerromorpha, Heteroptera) as original models well suited to study why and how organisms diversify. The Gerromorpha invaded water surfaces over 200 mya and diversified into a range of remarkable new forms within this new ecological habitat. We summarize the biology and evolutionary history of this group of insects and highlight a set of characters associated with the habitat change and the diversification that followed. We further discuss the morphological, behavioral, molecular and genomic tools available that together make semi-aquatic bugs a prime model for integration across disciplines. We present case studies showing how the implementation and combination of these approaches can advance our understanding of how the interaction between genotypes, phenotypes and the environment drives the evolution of distinct morphologies. Finally, we explain how the same set of experimental designs can be applied in other systems to address similar biological questions