Measurements of muon flux in the Pyh\"asalmi underground laboratory

The cosmic-ray induced muon flux was measured at several depths in the Pyh\"asalmi mine (Finland) using a plastic scintillator telescope mounted on a trailer. The flux was determined at four different depths underground at 400 m (980 m.w.e), at 660 m (1900 m.w.e), at 990 m (2810 m.w.e) and at 1390 m (3960 m.w.e) with the trailer, and also at the ground surface. In addition, previously measured fluxes from depths of 90 m (210 m.w.e) and 210 m (420 m.w.e) are shown. A relation was obtained for the underground muon flux as a function of the depth. The measured flux follows well the general behaviour and is consistent with results determined in other underground laboratories.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to Nuclear Instrum. Methods

Analysis of proliferative activity in oral gingival epithelium in immunosuppressive medication induced gingival overgrowth

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth is a frequent adverse effect associated principally with administration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A and also certain antiepileptic and antihypertensive drugs. It is characterized by a marked increase in the thickness of the epithelial layer and accumulation of excessive amounts of connective tissue. The mechanism by which the drugs cause gingival overgrowth is not yet understood. The purpose of this study was to compare proliferative activity of normal human gingiva and in cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth. METHODS: Gingival samples were collected from 12 generally healthy individuals and 22 Cyclosporin A-medicated renal transplant recipients. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gingival samples using an immunoperoxidase technique and a monoclonal antibody for this antigen. RESULTS: There were differences between the Cyclosporin A group and control group in regard to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and epithelial thickness. In addition, the degree of stromal inflammation was higher in the Cyclosporin A group when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the increased epithelial thickness observed in Cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth is associated with increased proliferative activity in keratinocytes

The interplay of matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C cooperatively contributes to the aggressiveness of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has oncosuppressive properties in various cancers. We attempted to assess MMP-8 function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Methods: MMP-8 overexpressing OTSCC cells were used to study the effect of MMP-8 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and gene and protein expression. Moreover, MMP-8 functions were assessed in the orthotopic mouse tongue cancer model and by immunohistochemistry in patient samples. Results: MMP-8 reduced the invasion and migration of OTSCC cells and decreased the expression of MMP-1, cathepsin-K and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C was induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in control cells, but not in MMP-8 overexpressing cells. In human OTSCC samples, low MMP-8 in combination with high VEGF-C was an independent predictor of poor cancer-specific survival. TGF-beta 1 treatment also restored the migration of MMP-8 overexpressing cells to the level of control cells. In mouse tongue cancer, MMP-8 did not inhibit metastasis, possibly because it was eliminated in the peripheral carcinoma cells. Conclusions: The suppressive effects of MMP-8 in OTSCC may be mediated through interference of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF-C function and altered proteinase expression. Together, low MMP-8 and high VEGF-C expression have strong independent prognostic value in OTSCC.Peer reviewe

SerpinB2 regulates stromal remodelling and local invasion in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer has a devastating prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of ~8%, restricted treatment options and characteristic molecular heterogeneity. SerpinB2 expression, particularly in the stromal compartment, is associated with reduced metastasis and prolonged survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and our genomic analysis revealed that SERPINB2 is frequently deleted in PDAC. We show that SerpinB2 is required by stromal cells for normal collagen remodelling in vitro, regulating fibroblast interaction and engagement with collagen in the contracting matrix. In a pancreatic cancer allograft model, co-injection of PDAC cancer cells and SerpinB2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in increased tumour growth, aberrant remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and increased local invasion from the primary tumour. These tumours also displayed elevated proteolytic activity of the primary biochemical target of SerpinB2-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In a large cohort of patients with resected PDAC, we show that increasing uPA mRNA expression was significantly associated with poorer survival following pancreatectomy. This study establishes a novel role for SerpinB2 in the stromal compartment in PDAC invasion through regulation of stromal remodelling and highlights the SerpinB2/uPA axis for further investigation as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer

Cleavage of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) on oral cancer cells : regulation by transforming growth factor - beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and potential effects on migration and invasion

Background: Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) is up-regulated at the invasive tumour front of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), indicating a role for uPAR in tumour progression. We previously observed elevated expression of uPAR at the tumour-stroma interface in a mouse model for OSCC, which was associated with increased proteolytic activity. The tumour microenvironment regulated uPAR expression, as well as its glycosylation and cleavage. Both full-length- and cleaved uPAR (uPAR (II-III)) are involved in highly regulated processes such as cell signalling, proliferation, migration, stem cell mobilization and invasion. The aim of the current study was to analyse tumour associated factors and their effect on uPAR cleavage, and the potential implications for cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Methods: Mouse uPAR was stably overexpressed in the mouse OSCC cell line AT84. The ratio of full-length versus cleaved uPAR as analysed by Western blotting and its regulation was assessed by addition of different protease inhibitors and transforming growth factor - beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). The role of uPAR cleavage in cell proliferation and migration was analysed using real- time cell analysis and invasion was assessed using the myoma invasion model. Results: We found that when uPAR was overexpressed a proportion of the receptor was cleaved, thus the cells presented both full-length uPAR and uPAR (II-III). Cleavage was mainly performed by serine proteases and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in particular. When the OSCC cells were stimulated with TGF-beta 1, the production of the uPA inhibitor PAI-1 was increased, resulting in a reduction of uPAR cleavage. By inhibiting cleavage of uPAR, cell migration was reduced, and by inhibiting uPA activity, invasion was reduced. We could also show that medium containing soluble uPAR (suPAR), and cleaved soluble uPAR (suPAR (II-III)), induced migration in OSCC cells with low endogenous levels of uPAR. Conclusions: These results show that soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment, such as TGF-beta 1, PAI-1 and uPA, can influence the ratio of full length and uPAR (II-III) and thereby potentially effect cell migration and invasion. Resolving how uPAR cleavage is controlled is therefore vital for understanding how OSCC progresses and potentially provides new targets for therapy.Peer reviewe

Anti-Heparanase Aptamers as Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents for Oral Cancer

Peer reviewe

Analysis of cancer cell invasion with novel <em>in vitro</em> methods based on human tissues

Abstract Cancer progression is a multistep process dependent on tumour-stroma interactions. Various cell types, such as fibroblasts, endothelial, inflammatory and stem cells, as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagens, contribute to the tumour outcome. Tumour growth and invasion is accompanied by the proteolysis of ECM components mediated by various enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Proteolytic fragments released into the circulation may reflect cancer progression. The aim of this study was to develop novel in vitro methods for investigating cell invasion and for measuring cancer-associated collagen degradation. Human carcinoma cell invasion studies in vitro are often performed in organotypic cell culture models, mainly composed of rat or mouse ECM proteins. To create a human microenvironment for invasion studies, a novel organotypic model based on human uterine myoma (benign tumour) tissue was developed. Compared to the conventional collagen-based organotypic model, in the myoma model the carcinoma cell invasion depth was about eightfold and the invasion resembled, to a greater degree, the invasion pattern of dissected tissue samples of cancer patients. In addition, the invasion was easily quantified with a novel radioimmunoassay measuring type III collagen degradation products from the organotypic culture media. As human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the stromal cell types that may affect tumour progression, the mechanisms of stem cell invasion were also studied. On the surface of MSCs, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) functions in immune defence against microbes. The activation of TLR9 with microbial DNA-resembling molecules induced human MSC invasion into the myoma tissue in a MMP-13-mediated fashion. To analyse cancer-associated soft tissue degradation, a novel enzyme immunoassay was developed. This novel assay enabled, for the first time, the measurement of type III collagen degradation products from human serum samples. In head and neck cancer patient sera, high levels of type III and type I collagen degradation products were shown to predict poor survival. In conclusion, the novel myoma model showed that the tumour microenvironment crucially affects carcinoma cell invasion. In addition, cancer-associated type III collagen degradation was successfully measured in cell cultures and in human sera by novel immunoassays.Tiivistelmä Syövän eteneminen on monivaiheinen tapahtuma, jossa syöpäsolut ovat vuorovaikutuksessa lähiympäristönsä kanssa. Ympäristön eri solutyypit, kuten kantasolut ja sidekudoksen fibroblastit sekä soluväliaineen proteiinit kuten kollageenit, vaikuttavat syöpäsolujen invaasioon eli tunkeutumiseen ympäröivään kudokseen. Syövän invaasiossa useat entsyymit, mm. matriksin metalloproteaasit (MMP:t), hajottavat soluväliainetta. Kasvaimen kehittymisen aikana verenkiertoon vapautuu soluväliaineen hajoamistuotteita, joiden määrä voi kuvastaa sairauden etenemistä. Väitöstutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehittää uusia menetelmiä solujen invaasion ja syöpään liittyvän kollageenin hajoamisen tutkimiseen. Ihmisen karsinoomasolujen invaasion tutkimuksessa on perinteisesti käytetty kolmiulotteisia soluviljelymalleja, jotka koostuvat pääasiassa rotan tai hiiren soluväliaineproteiineista. Työssä kehitettiin uusi viljelymalli, jossa soluja kasvatettiin ihmisen hyvälaatuisen kohtukasvainkudospalan eli myooman päällä. Perinteiseen kollageenimalliin verrattuna myoomamallissa karsinoomasolut tunkeutuivat noin kahdeksan kertaa syvemmälle, ja solujen kasvu muistutti enemmän potilaiden syöpäkudosnäytteissä havaittua kasvutapaa. Invaasion voimakkuuden määrittämiseen kehitettiin vasta-aineisiin perustuva menetelmä, jolla mitattiin soluviljelmän kasvatusliuokseen myoomakudoksesta vapautuneiden tyypin III kollageenin hajoamistuotteiden määrää. Koska kantasolujen tiedetään voivan vaikuttaa syöpäkasvaimen leviämiseen, tutkimme myös ihmisen luuytimen kantasolujen invaasiota. Kantasolujen pinnalla TLR9-reseptori osallistuu immuunipuolustukseen mikrobeja vastaan. Kun reseptoria aktivoitiin mikrobi-DNA:ta muistuttavilla molekyyleillä, kantasolut alkoivat invasoitua myoomakudokseen ja MMP-13:n aktiivisuus soluissa lisääntyi. Syöpään liittyvän pehmytkudoksen hajoamisen tutkimiseksi kehitettiin vasta-ainemenetelmä, jolla onnistuttiin ensi kertaa mittaamaan potilaiden seeruminäytteistä tyypin III kollageenin hajoamistuotteita. Pään ja kaulan alueen syöpäpotilailla korkean tyypin III kollageenin hajoamistuotepitoisuuden todettiin liittyvän huonoon ennusteeseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että kasvaimen ympäristö vaikuttaa olennaisesti syöpäsolujen leviämiseen. Syöpään liittyvää tyypin III kollageenin hajoamista pystyttiin työssä kehitetyillä menetelmillä mittaamaan sekä soluviljelmistä että potilaiden seeruminäytteistä

Usefulness of book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes to predict future stock returns

In the past academic research have displayed strong evidence that stocks with the relatively low valuation earn higher future returns than stocks with relatively high valuation. This kind of value anomaly seems to exist for example between firms with high and low book-to-market ratio. In addition there is a lot of evidence that future stock returns can be predicted by analyzing past financial information. Especially the value relevant fundamentals which are usually the main components of equity valuation models seems to consist useful information about the future stock prices. In this thesis it is investigated if the investment strategy based on book-to-market valuation ratio and the main fundamental components of residual income valuation model can generate abnormal future stock returns. Strategy focuses on high book-to-market firms which past financial information indicates strong future residual incomes for these firms. These pieces of information are recognized by analyzing the return on equity and expected return on equity which are the main components of residual income model. The results shows that investment strategy based on book-to-market ratio and strength of future residual incomes generates higher mean returns than equally weighted market portfolio in the U.S markets during the years 1970–2010. Furthermore the strategy outperforms high book-to-market portfolio by mean return margin of 11.5%-points. Strategy seems to be quit robust across time as well when it is outperforming equally weighted market and high book-to-market portfolios almost 80% of the time. The returns appears to be highest among firms with the smallest market value and lowest among the large-sized firms. However the benefits of using fundamental based screening are stronger among medium-sized firms which indicates that superior return performance of the investment strategy is not driven by small firm effect. It seems also that the superior returns are not at least fully compensation for extra risk. Actually the strategy prefers the stocks with the low earnings variability and leverage together with high liquidity which are argued to be appropriate proxies for risk. Also the explanation of Fama and French (1992) which argues that abnormal returns of high book-to-market firms are due high distress of these firms is not supported by results presented in this thesis. In fact the strategy prefers firms with low distress and still generates higher mean returns than high book-to-market firms on average. This indicates that there could be undervalued stocks in the market which are successfully identified by investment strategy based on valuation ratio and analyzing past financial information

Cathepsin K Is Present in Invasive Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vivo and In Vitro

Objectives: Cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is expressed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of skin carcinoma, but nothing is known about cathepsin K in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Our aim was to describe the expression of cathepsin K in invasive OTSCC in vitro and in a series of clinical cancer specimens. Materials and Methods: OTSCC invasion in vitro was studied using invasive HSC-3 tongue carcinoma cells in 3D organotypic models. In total, 121 mobile tongue OTSCCs and 10 lymph node metastases were analyzed for cathepsin K expression. The association between cathepsin K expression and clinicopathological factors was evaluated. Results: Cysteine protease inhibitor E64 and cathepsin K silencing significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced HSC-3 cell invasion in the 3D models. Cathepsin K was expressed in a majority of carcinoma and metastatic cells, but the expression pattern in carcinoma cells did not correlate with clinical parameters. Instead, the weak expression of cathepsin K in the invasive TME front correlated with increased overall recurrence (p < 0.05), and in early-stage tumors this pattern predicted both cancer recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Cathepsin K is expressed in OTSCC tissue in both carcinoma and TME cells. Although the diminished activity and expression in aggressive tongue HSC-3 cells reduced 3D invasion in vitro, the amount of cathepsin K in carcinoma cells was not associated with the outcome of cancer patients. Instead, cathepsin K in the invasive TME front seems to have a protective role in the complex progression of tongue cancer.88Emil Aaltonen FoundationCancer Foundation of Northern OstrobotniaOulu University Research FoundationGeorg C. and Mary Ehrnrooth FoundationFinnish Medical FoundationAcademy of FinlandSigrid Juselius FoundationKevo grant