TB123: Experimental Application of B.t.i. for Larval Black Fly Control: Persistance and Downstream Carry, Efficacy, Impact on Non-target Invertebrates and Fish Feeding

In the summer of 1985 a field experiment was conducted in the Sugarloaf area of Maine on the use of B.t.i. to reduce the numbers of black fly larvae in the Carrabassett River and a tributary stream. The objectives were to determine the rate of application necessary to produce an acceptable reduction in black fly larvae, to study the fate and persistence of B.t.i. in a stream following application, to determine the impact of B.t.i. on the abundance and drift of non-target stream insects and on the feeding success and diet composition of fishes in the treated streams.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_techbulletin/1083/thumbnail.jp

Event-specific chorus wave and electron seed population models in DREAM3D using the Van Allen Probes

Abstract The DREAM3D diffusion model is applied to Van Allen Probes observations of the fast dropout and strong enhancement of MeV electrons during the October 2012 double-dip storm. We show that in order to explain the very different behavior in the two dips, diffusion in all three dimensions (energy, pitch angle, and Lo) coupled with data-driven, event-specific inputs, and boundary conditions is required. Specifically, we find that outward radial diffusion to the solar wind-driven magnetopause, an event-specific chorus wave model, and a dynamic lower-energy seed population are critical for modeling the dynamics. In contrast, models that include only a subset of processes, use statistical wave amplitudes, or rely on inward radial diffusion of a seed population, perform poorly. The results illustrate the utility of the high resolution, comprehensive set of Van Allen Probes\u27 measurements in studying the balance between source and loss in the radiation belt, a principal goal of the mission. Key Points DREAM3D uses event-specific driving conditions measured by Van Allen Probes Electron dropout is due to outward radial diffusion to compressed magnetopause Event-specific chorus and seed electrons are necessary for the enhancement

Low altitude flux and dose measurements during two solar flare events

The dosimeter on board the low altitude polar orbiting DMSP/F7 satellite makes dose and flux measurements for electrons with energies greater than 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 MeV; and for protons with energies greater than 20, 35, 51, and 75 MeV. The characteristics and performance of the dosimeter are illustrated by presenting dose and flux data taken during the solar flare proton events of February 16 and April 26, 1984

Identification of a bacteriocin and its cognate immunity factor expressed by Moraxella catarrhalis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteins and peptides ribosomally synthesized by some bacteria which can effect both intraspecies and interspecies killing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>Moraxella catarrhalis </it>strain E22 containing plasmid pLQ510 was shown to inhibit the growth of <it>M. catarrhalis </it>strain O35E. Two genes (<it>mcbA </it>and <it>mcbB</it>) in pLQ510 encoded proteins predicted to be involved in the secretion of a bacteriocin. Immediately downstream from these two genes, a very short ORF (<it>mcbC</it>) encoded a protein which had some homology to double-glycine bacteriocins produced by other bacteria. A second very short ORF (<it>mcbI</it>) immediately downstream from <it>mcbC </it>encoded a protein which had no significant similarity to other proteins in the databases. Cloning and expression of the <it>mcbI </it>gene in <it>M. catarrhalis </it>O35E indicated that this gene encoded the cognate immunity factor. Reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to show that the <it>mcbA</it>, <it>mcbB</it>, <it>mcbC</it>, and <it>mcbI </it>ORFs were transcriptionally linked. This four-gene cluster was subsequently shown to be present in the chromosome of several <it>M. catarrhalis </it>strains including O12E. Inactivation of the <it>mcbA</it>, <it>mcbB</it>, or <it>mcbC </it>ORFs in <it>M. catarrhalis </it>O12E eliminated the ability of this strain to inhibit the growth of <it>M. catarrhalis </it>O35E. In co-culture experiments involving a <it>M. catarrhalis </it>strain containing the <it>mcbABCI </it>locus and one which lacked this locus, the former strain became the predominant member of the culture after overnight growth in broth.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This is the first description of a bacteriocin and its cognate immunity factor produced by <it>M. catarrhalis</it>. The killing activity of the McbC protein raises the possibility that it might serve to lyse other <it>M. catarrhalis </it>strains that lack the <it>mcbABCI </it>locus, thereby making their DNA available for lateral gene transfer.</p

Nonstorm time dynamics of electron radiation belts observed by the Van Allen Probes

Abstract Storm time electron radiation belt dynamics have been widely investigated for many years. Here we present a rarely reported nonstorm time event of electron radiation belt evolution observed by the Van Allen Probes during 21-24 February 2013. Within 2 days, a new belt centering around L=5.8 formed and gradually merged with the original outer belt, with the enhancement of relativistic electron fluxes by a factor of up to 50. Strong chorus waves (with power spectral density up to 10-4nT2/Hz) occurred in the region L\u3e5. Taking into account the local acceleration driven by these chorus waves, the two-dimensional STEERB can approximately reproduce the observed energy spectrums at the center of the new belt. These results clearly illustrate the complexity of electron radiation belt behaviors and the importance of chorus-driven local acceleration even during the nonstorm times

How ready is China for a China-style world order? China's state media discourse under construction

What exactly is the China-style world order that Chinese officials and intellectual elites have recently been talking about, and how ready is China for it? An examination and analysis of discourses on ‘Africa Live’ on CCTV Africa, the first overseas news center of China Central Television (CCTV), yields some highly noticeable features and significant themes, confirming that although China has shifted from a low-profile approach to a more assertive one, in an attempt to change the global order, its verbal challenge and sometimes harsh criticism of the American-led international system is accompanied by an obvious absence of a clear vision of what the new world order should be like. This lack of a clear vision may be due to the fact that the Chinese discourse on world order is still a work in progress, constrained by internal practices, and Africa is its testing ground for the construction of a discourse that China envisages as an alternative

Below the Belt? Territory and Development in China’s International Rise

China’s internationalization has been heralded by some as a new era of South–South cooperation. Yet such framings of development are pitched at an abstract space of the ‘global South’ which conceals more than it reveals. With some theory moving towards ontologies of ‘global development’, we need to capture both the connectedness and the local specificity of increasingly diffuse processes. This article sets out a more fine-grained understanding of how political territories and processes are imagined and produced by and through China’s internationalization, focusing on infrastructure as a ‘technology’ of territorialization. Much of the focus on China’s internationalization has been on state-to-state relations, but this obscures the ‘omni-channel politics’ that China practises. Using a critical literature review and illustrative case study, this article develops the idea of omni-channel politics to posit a view of ‘twisted’ territories in which political processes and development outcomes are more complex and contingent

Forward K+ production in subthreshold pA collisions at 1.0 GeV

K+ meson production in pA (A = C, Cu, Au) collisions has been studied using the ANKE spectrometer at an internal target position of the COSY-Juelich accelerator. The complete momentum spectrum of kaons emitted at forward angles, theta < 12 degrees, has been measured for a beam energy of T(p)=1.0 GeV, far below the free NN threshold of 1.58 GeV. The spectrum does not follow a thermal distribution at low kaon momenta and the larger momenta reflect a high degree of collectivity in the target nucleus.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex E1 Component Forms a Thiamin-derived Radical by Aerobic Oxidation of the Enamine Intermediate.

Herein are reported unique properties of the human 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHc), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. (a) Functionally competent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o-h) and dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase components have been expressed according to kinetic and spectroscopic evidence. (b) A stable free radical, consistent with the C2-(C2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) cation radical was detected by electron spin resonance upon reaction of the E1o-h with 2-oxoglutarate (OG) by itself or when assembled from individual components into OGDHc. (c) An unusual stability of the E1o-h-bound C2-(2alpha-hydroxy)-gamma-carboxypropylidene thiamin diphosphate (the "ThDP-enamine"/C2alpha-carbanion, the first postdecarboxylation intermediate) was observed, probably stabilized by the 5-carboxyl group of OG, not reported before. (d) The reaction of OG with the E1o-h gave rise to superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (reactive oxygen species (ROS)). (e) The relatively stable enzyme-bound enamine is the likely substrate for oxidation by O2, leading to the superoxide anion radical (in d) and the radical (in b). (f) The specific activity assessed for ROS formation compared with the NADH (overall complex) activity, as well as the fraction of radical intermediate occupying active centers of E1o-h are consistent with each other and indicate that radical/ROS formation is an "off-pathway" side reaction comprising less than 1% of the "on-pathway" reactivity. However, the nearly ubiquitous presence of OGDHc in human tissues, including the brain, makes these findings of considerable importance in human metabolism and perhaps disease