OTC Sunscreen Drug Products: Towards Greater Protection

It is important for the public to know that sunscreens are not a panacea for the adverse effects of solar radiation and that they are not a substitute for avoidance of the sun. Along with the many benefits attributed to sunscreen products, there is also the risk that these products create a false sense of security among consumers. Consumers have also been susceptible to being misled about the promoted uses and relative value of sunscreen products. Finally, consumers have not always been well-informed about how and when such products should be applied. In regulating sunscreen products, the Food & Drug Association (FDA) has taken up many of these concerns as it seeks to ensure that such products are safe and effective and not misbranded. Relief and guidance from the FDA have come in the form of the Tentative Final Monograph (“TFMâ€) for Over-the-Counter (“OTCâ€) Sunscreen Drug Products, a comprehensive regulation of OTC sunscreen drug products, which, in its final form, will be codified in 21 C.F.R. §352. This paper first seeks, in background, to discuss the role of the TFM system in regulating sunscreen products. It will then both examine two prominent controversies, namely the problem of UVA protection and the proposed cap on SPF values, and then assess the related deficiencies of the current labeling scheme under the TFM for OTC Sunscreen Drug Products. Finally, the paper will discuss the barriers to more comprehensive protection in sunscreen products

Restitution for mistaken payments: Whither mistakes of law?

The traditional rule at common law precluded restitution for payments made by mistake where the payer's mistake had been one of law. That rule was set aside in New Zealand in 1958. Other jurisdictions are likely soon to follow. This article considers the law of mistaken payments absent the traditional rule. Assuming restitution is available for mistakes of law, ought the payer's ability to recover nevertheless differ according to whether the mistake was one of law or one of fact? The thesis of this article is that an approach to mistaken payment cases that deals directly with the competing merits of the parties and the relevant policy concerns removes any need to distinguish between the two types of mistake. A distinction between mistakes of law and mistakes of fact should be irrelevant to the payer's ability to recover

Financing the embedded value of life insurance portfolios

In May 2004 the CFO Forum harmonized the various efforts of reporting the embedded valueof life insurance companies by issuing the European Embedded Value (EEV) Principles.In this working paper a methodology is proposed to derive a maximum lending amountfrom EEV figures without much additional data requirements from the originating insurer. The approach chosen is similar to that of other financing areas, e.g. real estate finance, where first a prudent best estimate valuation is done and later risk deductions are performed in the form of applying loan to value ratios, e.g. 60-80 % of the prudent amount. Here, this prudent value is called bankable embedded value and the loan to value analysis presented leads to the maximum lending amount. The deductions proposed to arrive at a maximum lending amount are based on parameter adjustments and risk allowances for unexpected risks. There is an analogy with insurers for determining their own capital needs. The methodology proposed is based on the stress test approach which increasingly gains popularity with insurance supervisors in Europe. --European embedded value,embedded value,life insurance policies,maximum lending amount,required capital,risk analysis,risk discount rate,value reporting and analysis,value sensitivity analysis

An Activity Driver Based Analysis of Hazardous Materials Usage at Wright-Patterson AFB

As the Air Force has progressed and succeeded in the realm of pollution prevention, the opportunities for further progress have become more challenging. With the \u27low-hanging fruit\u27 now gone from the pollution prevention tree, new methods to identify opportunities must be adopted. This research effort applied a subset of activity based costing, activity driver analysis, to reveal pollution prevention opportunities in regards to hazardous materials usage. A sample of base organizations (civil engineering and aircraft maintenance), and a sample of the hazardous chemicals (Class C or most hazardous) used by those organizations were investigated to determine the drivers behind usage

Examining the Bilingual Mental Lexicon through Associative Priming

Research examining the associations between words in the monolingual versus bilingual mind has employed various models to examine differences in lexical organization, with varying degrees of success. The paradigms used have primarily been word association and semantic priming with a Lexical Decision Task (LDT). This thesis research has focused on the latter method, with an online data collection method using Testable. One distinction of this thesis research has been the types of semantic associations used for priming, namely syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations, which refer to either word context in a sentence, or word categories respectively. The control condition used from which facilitation effects were calculated was unrelated primes. In addition, a phonetic (or “clang”) priming condition was included as it was felt that it might tap into an important aspect of lexical organization for those who have English as a second language (L2). Recruitment was for native English-speaking monolinguals, native English-speaking bilinguals (who also speak a variety of other languages), and non-native English-speaking bilinguals (also from a range of language backgrounds) to participate. Results indicated that the paradigm was successful in gathering information about lexical associations in all three language groups. There was significant semantic facilitation across all language groups for both syntagmatic and paradigmatic associative primes, with these effects not differing from each other. Interestingly, only the L2 group showed significant facilitation from clang primes. Overall, the absolute priming effect was smaller than anticipated, despite reaching statistical reliability, suggesting possibilities to refine the display times of primes or targets. Other hypotheses concerned potential effects of participants’ context for L2 language learning and also attempts to address the main research question with the use of a classic word association task; however, both fell victim to the vagaries of online data collection. Nevertheless, the method and the software provide some hope for continued research in some aspects of the monolingual versus bilingual mental lexicon.

Letter from F[ranklin] E. Perham to John Muir, 1899 Apr 29.

[letterhead]April 29, 1899Mr. John Muir,Dear Sir,We have in Berkeley an organization of the public school teachers which has been engaged [during?] the year in securing speakers who have something to say of interest not only to the teachers but to all who are interested in the public schools. It is our desire to hear from John Muir on some topic connected with the Sierras or his experience elsewhere on the Pacific Coast. Can you not give us a date some time in May? I can assure you of a hearty reception. Please let me hear from you stating terms, and date.Yours truly,F.E. Perham02569 Lecture[illegible] My dear SirI heartily thank you & the teachers of the Berkley Public Schools for the honor [addressing?] [them?]I\u27m truly sorry I cannot [illegible] it. Im sorry I must start for Alaska in a week or two & in the meantime I am hard at work trying to finish on some [illegible] tasks that ought to be completed before I go.Again, thanking you for the honor

Effecting Change through Women's Activism in Liberia

This article highlights historical issues of injustice and violence against women in conflict?torn societies in West Africa. It provides examples of women's participation in the struggle for freedom and the search for peace and reconciliation, focusing on the role of women in catalysing and supporting the recent peace process in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is based upon the author's own involvement as a women's activist in Liberia

Nubble, Waisenen-Taminen, Harvard Mines

Guidebook to field trips in southern Maine; 57th meeting, October 8-10, 1965, held at Bowdoin College: Trip

Comparison of Levetiracetam and sodium Valproate in the prevention of migraine: a randomized clinical trial study

Background: Sodium valproate is an anti-seizure drug used for prophylactic use of migraine headaches. Despite the efficacy of this drug due to complications that cause some patients to not tolerate the drug. The purpose of this study was to Comparison of levotiracetam and Sodium valproate in migraine prophylaxis.Methods: This is a clinical trials study. 100 migraineurs who referred to the Alavi neurology clinic and indicated the onset of prophylaxis of migraine were studied in two groups of 50, one of which was a group of levetiracetam and another group of sodium valproate Received. Patients received daily 500mg of drug for 3 months and the effect of the drug on the number of attacks, severity of attacks, and MIDAS score was measured. Collected data analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 19. P<0.05 was considered as significant.Results: In both cases, significant improvement was observed in the number of attacks, severity and MIDAS score. In all of the criteria, levetiracetam and sodium valproate were almost identical, except for reducing the number of headache attacks that had a significantly in levothyramine group less than sodium valporoste group (P = 0.0001).Conclusions: This study showed that levothyramineacetamin can be used as a good alternative in those who do not tolerate sodium valproate

Jane Perham Stevens Correspondence

Entries are two, practically indistinguishable copies of a letter written by Thayer of the Maine State Library thanking Stevens for her 1972 book gift of Maine\u27s Treasure Chest: Gems and Minerals of Oxford County to the Maine Author Collection