Aspectos da estrutura foliar de Stevia cinerascens Sch. - Bip. (Compositae)

Leaves of odorous plants (sample A) and no odorous ones (sample B), showing diverse habits and growing in different habitats were studied. Clarified leaves were used for the blade architecture study and sections of alive and fixed leaves for the anatomical study. The determination of occupied area by epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes according to the stereological method was done. The structure of leaves is dorsiventral. They are amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. The trichomes are simples conical, simple filiforme and biseriate vesicular glandular types. The venation is acrodromous. The vascular bundles have a collateral arrangement. The bundle sheath of the small vascular bundles located in the mesophyll is parenchymatic. The vessel members have simple perforation plates. Schizogenous secretory canals accompany the primary veins and sometimes the secondary veins. The collenchyma is present beneath the epidermis of the larger veins. The biseriate vesicular glandular trichomes differentiation, subtype α (sample A) and subtype β (sample B) and features frequent in sun (sample A) and shade leaves (sample B) are structural variation showed by these leaves.Folhas de plantas de Stevia cinerascens, com cheiro agradável (amostra A) e sem perfume (amostra B), que apresentam diferença de porte e se desenvolve em condições ambientais diferentes, foram objeto de presente trabalho. Estudou-se a arquitetura foliar em folhas clarificadas e a anatomia em cortes de material vivo ou fixado. Determinou-se a área ocupada pelas células epidérmicas, estômatos e tricomas segundo método estereológico. Nessas plantas, as folhas têm estrutura dorsiventral, são anfiestomáticas com estômatos anomocóticos. Os tricomas são simples - cônico e filiforme - e glandulares bisseriados vesiculares. A venação é acródroma. Os feixes vasculares são colaterais, sendo que os feixes menores do mesofilo apresentam bainha parenquimática. Os elementos de vaso têm placa de perfuração simples. Canais secretores esquizógenos ocorrem nas nervuras primárias e ocasionalmente nas secundárias. O tecido de sustentação é o colênquima que ocorre ao longo das nervuras maiores. As folhas das amostras A e B se destinguem estruturalmente pela diferenciação dos tricomas glandulares bisseriados, subtipo alfa (amostra A) beta (amostra B), e por caracteres frequentes em folhas de sol (amostra A) e de sombra (amostra B)

E-Cadherin (CDH1) and p53 rather than SMAD4 and Caspase-10 germline mutations contribute to genetic predisposition in Portuguese gastric cancer patients

Approximately 30% of all hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) families carry CDH1 germline mutations. The other two thirds remain genetically unexplained and are probably caused by alterations in other genes. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)/sequencing, we screened 32 Portuguese families with a history of gastric cancer and 23 patients with early onset gastric cancer for CDH1 germline mutations. In probands negative for CDH1 mutations, we screened genes involved in hereditary cancer syndromes in which gastric cancer may be one of the component tumours, namely p53 (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome) and hMLH1 and hMSH2 (HNPCC). We also screened in these patients for mutations in Caspase-10, a gene inactivated in sporadic gastric cancer, and SMAD4, a gene whose inactivation in mice is associated with signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach. One of the families fulfilling the HDGC criteria harboured a CDH1 germline mutation, and one of the families with incomplete criteria harboured a p53 germline mutation. No mutations were identified in hMLH1 and hMSH2, and only sequence variants were found in SMAD4 and Caspase-10. The present work reports for the first time CDH1 germline mutations in Portuguese gastric cancer families, and highlights the need for p53 mutation screening in families lacking CDH1 germline mutations, in a country with one of the highest incidences of gastric cancer in the world. No evidence was found for a role of germline mutations in SMAD4 and Caspase-10 in families lacking CDH1 mutations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T68-4CP0YVH-5/1/0b2a789fc5dbe341d589aa4cee90b9e

Valores hematológicos, proteínas plasmáticas totais e fibrinogênio do cavalo crioulo - suas variações em relação ao sexo, idade e manejo

A criação de eqüinos da raça Crioula vem crescendo em todo Brasil nos últimos anos, porém ainda há uma escassez de informações sobre valores hematológicos em relação a esta raça. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos verificar as diferenças devidas ao sexo, idade, atividade e estado gestacional quanto ao hemograma, proteínas plasmáticas totais e fibrinogênio para a raça eqüina Crioula. Para tanto, tais parâmetros hematológicos foram analisados em 142 eqüinos Crioulos, divididos em quatro grupos: grupo um (n=26) – animais menores de um ano de idade (entre 4 e 9 meses); grupo 2 (n=39) – animais maiores de dois anos (entre dois e 15 anos) a campo; grupo 3 (n=31) – animais maiores de dois anos (entre 2 e 15 anos), cuja rotina diária incluía exercícios físicos; grupo 4 (n=46) – fêmeas gestantes. A partir da análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey, verificaram-se diferenças inerentes a grupos e sexos. As diferenças em relação ao grupo foram para as variáveis hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM, CHCM, leucócitos totais, neutrófilos segmentados, eosinófilos, basófilos, monócitos, linfócitos, fibrinogênio e PPT; inerente ao sexo, para VCM e neutrófilos segmentados. A comparação dos parâmetros estudados com os de outras raças e populações eqüinas compelidos na literatura indicou que a maioria dos valores não é similar àquelas, não devendo os últimos ser utilizados como padrões para a raça

Epidemiology and outcomes of non-cardiac surgical patients in Brazilian intensive care units

OBJECTIVES: Due to the dramatic medical breakthroughs and an increasingly ageing population, the proportion of patients who are at risk of dying following surgery is increasing over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and the epidemiology of non-cardiac surgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS: A multicenter, prospective, observational, cohort study was carried out in 21 intensive care units. A total of 885 adult surgical patients admitted to a participating intensive care unit from April to June 2006 were evaluated and 587 patients were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were trauma, cardiac, neurological, gynecologic, obstetric and palliative surgeries. The main outcome measures were postoperative complications and intensive care unit and 90-day mortality rates. RESULTS: Major and urgent surgeries were performed in 66.4% and 31.7% of the patients, respectively. The intensive care unit mortality rate was 15%, and 38% of the patients had postoperative complications. The most common complication was infection or sepsis (24.7%). Myocardial ischemia was diagnosed in only 1.9% of the patients. A total of 94 % of the patients who died after surgery had co-morbidities at the time of surgery (3.4 ± 2.2). Multiple organ failure was the main cause of death (53%). CONCLUSION: Sepsis is the predominant cause of morbidity in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. In this patient population, multiple organ failure prevailed as the most frequent cause of death in the hospital.OBJETIVO: Devido aos avanços da medicina e ao envelhecimento da população, a proporção de pacientes em risco de morte após cirurgias está aumentando. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o desfecho e a epidemiologia de cirurgias não cardíacas em pacientes admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, de coorte, realizado em 21 unidades de terapia intensiva. Um total de 885 pacientes adultos, cirúrgicos, consecutivamente admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva no período de abril a junho de 2006 foi avaliado e destes, 587 foram incluídos. Os critérios de exclusão foram; trauma, cirurgias cardíacas, neurológicas, ginecológicas, obstétricas e paliativas. Os principais desfechos foram complicações pós-cirúrgicas e mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva e 90 dias após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Cirurgias de grande porte e de urgência foram realizadas em 66,4% e 31,7%, dos pacientes, respectivamente. A taxa de mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 15%, e 38% dos pacientes tiveram complicações no pós-operatório. A complicação mais comum foi infecção ou sepse (24,7%). Isquemia miocárdica foi diagnosticada em apenas 1,9%. Um total de 94 % dos pacientes que morreram após a cirurgia tinha co-morbidades associadas (3,4 ± 2,2). A principal causa de óbito foi disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (53%). CONCLUSÃO: Sepse é a causa predominante de morbidade em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias não cardíacas. A grande maioria dos óbitos no pós-operatório ocorreu por disfunção de múltiplos órgãos.Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoServidor Público Estadual Serviço de Terapia IntensivaHospital São Lucas Unidade Coronariana IntensivaHospital Moinhos de Vento Centro de Terapia IntensivaClínica Sorocaba Centro de Terapia IntensivaClínica São Vicente Centro de Terapia IntensivaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Hospital Universitário Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de AdultosUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Hospital Pró-Cardíaco Centro de Terapia IntensivaUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul Hospital Universitário Centro de Terapia Intensiva AdultoUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaHospital de Terapia IntensivaUniversidade Estadual do PiauíHospital Santa Luzia Centro de Terapia IntensivaUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto Hospital de BaseHospital do Servidor Público EstadualHospital Cardiotrauma IpanemaSanta Casa de Misericórdia Centro de Terapia IntensivaUNIFESPSciEL

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Situações eticamente conflituosas vivenciadas por estudantes de medicina Ethically conflicting situations experienced by medical students

OBJETIVO: Identificar situações eticamente conflituosas vivenciadas pelos estudantes de medicina da UERJ e dar subsídios a novos conteúdos de bioética a serem introduzidos no currículo. MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo observacional tipo corte-transversal com estudantes de medicina dos dois últimos anos do curso, período em que se encontram no estágio prático do internato. Os alunos responderam a um questionário com dados pessoais e perguntas abertas a respeito de situações conflituosas do ponto de vista da ética e como estas foram solucionadas e uma questão sobre os temas de ética que gostariam de ver contemplados no currículo médico. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 70% dos alunos (n=128) responderam ao questionário e reportaram situações e sugestões envolvendo uma grande variedade de temas éticos, que, em sua maioria, não está incluída no currículo desta escola. Os conflitos identificados e sugeridos foram categorizados em três grandes grupos: situações do aprendizado da medicina; situações relacionadas à prática médica com o paciente; e situações que envolvem questões legais e políticas de atendimento à saúde. CONCLUSÕES: É fundamental que esses conteúdos sejam contemplados no currículo médico para que os profissionais do futuro estejam aptos a dar soluções aos novos desafios que se apresentam na atenção à saúde da população.<br>PURPOSE: to identify ethically conflicting situations experienced by medical students of UERJ and recommend new bioethic contents to be incorporated in the curriculum. METHODS: we have carried out an observational, cross sectional study with medical students in the last two years of the course, the period when the practice probation of interns occurs. The students had to fill out a questionnaire with personal data and open questions about conflicting situations from the point of view of ethics and how these situations had been solved, In addition there was a question about ethical issues which they would like to be included in the medical curriculum. RESULTS: Nearly seventy per cent of the students (n=128) filled out the questionnaire and reported situations and suggestions involving a wide variety of ethical issues, which, in most cases, are not a part of the school curriculum. Conflicts were identified and suggestions were separated into three broad groups: medical learning situations; situations related to medical practice with the patients and situations which involved legal and political health care matters. CONCLUSION: it is fundamental that these contents be included in the medical curriculum thereby enabling future professionals to better face new challenges arising in health care for the population