Legal protection of photographs in the digital age: Russian regulation

Appeared in 1826, the photography has been much developed so far. Being mostly used for pragmatic purposes at the dawn of its existence, today, the photography is not only art, but also serves to depict a person at a certain point in time and even for personal identification. The photographs are used as evidence and as technical means of reproduction of other works of authorship. However, although the photographs have always been tacitly divided into informative and aesthetic ones, and various legal regimes of photography have already been enshrined in the Russian legislation, it is still not really clear how all those regimes relate to each other. Trying to answer that question the authors reveal problems and gaps existing in the current Russian regulation of photographs and make some proposals that could be useful for both the scientists when furthering the discussion on the topic and the legislator when developing the existing rules

Probiotic Potential and Functional Properties of Lactobacillus Reuteri, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus and Lactobacillus Helveticus: A Comparative Study

This study was conducted to evaluate and comparethe probiotic propertiesofLactobacillus helveticusNK1, Lactobacillus rhamnosusF and Lactobacillus reuteriLR1lactobacilli strains.Changes in pH, cell growth, proteolytic activity, antioxidantactivity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitoryactivity were monitored during fermentation ofreconstituted skim milk (RSM) by pure cultures of lactobacilli.Among the tested strains, L. helveticusNK1 showed the highest proteolytic, ACE inhibitoryand antioxidantactivitiesduring milk fermentation,followed by L. rhamnosus F and L. reuteriLR1.The promising capability of all of the lactobacilli strains to release bioactivepeptides from the milk proteins was demonstrated. Keywords: Lactobacillus, probiotic, milk fermentation, bioactive peptide

Filtering in Stochastic Systems: Analysis for the case of continuous observations with memory of arbitrary multiplicity

We consider stochastic systems with continuous time over observations with memory in the presence of an anomalous noise. The paper is devoted to analysis of some properties of an optimal unbiased in mean-square sense filter. In the case of anomalous noises action in the observation channel with memory, we have proved insensitivity of the filter to inaccurate knowledge of the matrix of anomalous noise intensity and its equivalence to a truncated filter constructed only over non-anomalous components of an observation vector

Engineering robust cellulases for tailored lignocellulosic degradation cocktails

Lignocellulosic biomass is a most promising feedstock in the production of second-generation biofuels. Efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass requires a synergistic action of several cellulases and hemicellulases. Cellulases depolymerize cellulose, the main polymer of the lignocellulosic biomass, to its building blocks. The production of cellulase cocktails has been widely explored, however, there are still some main challenges that enzymes need to overcome in order to develop a sustainable production of bioethanol. The main challenges include low activity, product inhibition, and the need to perform fine-tuning of a cellulase cocktail for each type of biomass. Protein engineering and directed evolution are powerful technologies to improve enzyme properties such as increased activity, decreased product inhibition, increased thermal stability, improved performance in non-conventional media, and pH stability, which will lead to a production of more efficient cocktails. In this review, we focus on recent advances in cellulase cocktail production, its current challenges, protein engineering as an efficient strategy to engineer cellulases, and our view on future prospects in the generation of tailored cellulases for biofuel production. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Cellulases from Mycelial fungi <em>Penicillium verruculosum</em> as a Real Alternative to Trichoderma Enzymes in Industrial Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass

Abstract The possibility of using the recipient strain Penicillium verruculosum B1-537 (ΔniaD) as a producer of laboratory and industrial enzymes was considered. The advantage of this strain is its ability to secrete a basic cellulase complex consisting of cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidase, which exceeds in its hydrolytic ability the enzyme complex of Hypocrea (Trichoderma) strains. Using the expression system, the basic complex of cellulases of the recipient strain Piptochaetium verruculosum B1-537 (ΔniaD) was supplemented with new (booster) enzymes that are necessary to increase its hydrolytic activity. Enzyme preparations adapted to the processing of various types of renewable plant biomass were obtained

Project activity in the formation of subject competencies

The project-based learning has long established itself as one of the most stimulating methods of mastering the educational program. However, to study in depth of mathematical disciplines, project tasks must be specifically formulated for the topic being studied. The purpose of this work is to study the methodological relationship between the declared projects and the studied topic of mathematics, as well as a comparative analysis of the results of the development of three mathematical disciplines using the project method and without it. The work on the projects has been carried out for three years at our university and it is aimed at activating the independent cognitive activity of students. In 2018-2019, these were applied and educational projects, the topics for which were selected by teachers. In 2019-2020, students were given the right to independently choose a project topic based on their scientific interests and develop it. In one experimental group, students had the opportunity to consult with the teacher to find a solution to the project problem, in the other such an opportunity was not available. The results of both groups were roughly the same. The conclusion that we came to as a result of this work: project activity increases the horizons of students and allows us to see interdisciplinary connections. Project activity is more effective only if the student works closely with the teacher

Виртуальная сонография молочной железы. Опыт клинического применения

The aim: to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness the automated breast volume scanner (ABVS) ACUSON S2000 (Siemens, Germany). Material and methods: The volume data sets were collected from 97 patients and a database containing 27 women with no detectable lesions in multimodal examination (BI-RADS 1), 18 women with clearly benign lesions (BI-RADS2), and 29 women with known breast cancer (BI-RADS5) was created. An independent examiner evaluated all the ABVS data on a separate workstation without any prior knowledge of the patients’ histories. Results. The diagnostic accuracy for the experimental ABVS was estimated as 88%. The independent examiner detected all breast cancers in the volume data resulting in a calculated sensitivity of 100%. After the ABVS examination, there were a high number of requests for further examination in 66%. Over-diagnosis was estimated 24 %. Conclusion. The specificity was 40%. Given the fact that during the application of ABVS no breast cancer was missed - the ABVS must still be regarded as an experimental technique for breast ultrasound, which definitely needs to undergo further evaluation studies.Цель: оценить диагностическую эффективность автоматизированного УЗ-сканера всего объема молочных желез (ABVS - the automated breast volume scanner) ACUSON S2000 (Siemens, Германия). Материал и методы. Обследовано 97 пациентов (n=100), из них по данным комплексного лучевого обследования патологические образования в молочных железах не были выявлены (BI-RADS 1) у 27, с отчетливо доброкачественными образованиями (BI-RADS 2) было 18, патоморфологически подтвержден рак молочной железы (РМЖ) (BI-RADS 5) - у 29. Все данные сканирования были оценены независимым экспертом - лучевым диагностом на специальной просмотровой станции без предварительной дополнительной информации о каждой пациентке. Результаты. Чувствительность метода автоматизированного сканирования в выявлении патологии молочных желез составила 100%, диагностическая точность ABVS - 88%. Независимый эксперт установил диагноз РМЖ молочной железы в 26 (90%) случаях из 29. По результатам автоматизированного сканирования молочных желез в 66 (66%) случаях было рекомендовано дообследование с применением комплекса лучевых методов. Гипердиагностика составила 24%. Таким образом, специфичность ABVS-обследования была равна 40%. Выводы. Учитывая тот факт, что ни один из случаев РМЖ не был пропущен, первый опыт использования ABVS показал обнадеживающие результаты и необходимость в дальнейших клинических испытаниях автоматизированной системы сканирования молочных желез

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

The development in cost management for the enterprise

Objekt výzkumu TYPOLOGIE Mospromjelezobeton, jehož hlavní činností je výroba železobetonových produktů. Předmět studia systém řízení nákladů v podniku TYPOLOGIE Mospromjelezobeton. Cílem práce je stanovení směrů optimalizace nákladů podniku TYPOLOGIE Mospromjelezobeton. TYPOLOGIE Mospromjelezobeton velký podnik, proizvodyasee železobetonové výrobky. Podnik je dodavatelem při výstavbě největších strategických objektů v Rusku, jako jsou dálnice, metra, výstavba letišť, olympijských objektů atd. Struktura bakalarskoy práce se skládá z úvodu, 3 kapitol, závěr, seznam literatury a aplikací. V první kapitole jsou popsány teoretické základy náklady řízení považovány za odlišné druhy nákladů a různé metody jejich řízení. Ve druhé kapitole je provedena analýza vnitřního a vnějšího prostředí podniku TYPOLOGIE Mospromjelezobeton, stejně jako jsou považovány metody řízení nákladů, vložené do podniku. Ve třetí kapitole je provedena analýza finanční a hospodářské činnosti podniku, účetnictví nákladů různými metodami, a také vytváří návrhy pro zlepšení řízení nákladů v AO MospromjelezobetonThe object of study JSC Mospromzhelezobeton, the main direction of activity is manufacture of concrete products. Subject of research system of cost management at the enterprise of JSC Mospromzhelezobeton. The aim of this work is identifying areas of cost optimization for the enterprise JSC Mospromzhelezobeton. JSC Mospromzhelezobeton is the largest enterprise producing concrete products. The company is a supplier in the construction of the largest strategic objects of Russia, such as roads, underground , construction of airports, Olympic venues, etc. The structure of the thesis consists of introduction, 3 chapters, conclusion, bibliography and applications. The first Chapter describes the theoretical basis of cost management, discusses the different types of costs and different management methods. The second Chapter analyses the internal and external environment of the enterprise JSC Mospromzhelezobeton, and also discusses the methods of cost management introduced in the enterprise. The third Chapter analyses the financial and economic activities of enterprises accounting, cost accounting, various methods, and developing proposals to improve the efficiency of cost management in JSC Mospromzhelezobeton.Obekt issledovaniya AO Mospromzhelezobeton, osnovnym napravleniem deyatel'nosti kotorogo yavlyaetsya proizvodstvo zhelezobetonnoj produkcii. Predmet issledovaniya sistema upravleniya izderzhkami na predpriyatii AO Mospromzhelezobeton. Cel'yu raboty yavlyaetsya opredelenie napravlenij optimizacii izderzhek predpriyatiya AO Mospromzhelezobeton. AO Mospromzhelezobeton krupnoe predpriyatie, proizvodyashchee zhelezobetonnye izdeliya. Predpriyatie yavlyaetsya postavshchikom pri stroitel'stve krupnejshih strategicheskih ob"ektov Rossii, takih kak avtodorogi, metro, stroitel'stvo aehroportov, olimpijskih ob"ektov i dr. Struktura bakalavrskoj raboty sostoit iz vvedeniya, 3 glav, zaklyucheniya, spiska literatury i prilozhenij. V pervoj glave opisyvayutsya teoreticheskie osnovy upravleniya izderzhkami, rassmatrivayutsya raznye vidy izderzhek i razlichnye metody upravleniya imi. Vo vtoroj glave provoditsya analiz vnutrennej i vneshnej sredy predpriyatiya AO Mospromzhelezobeton, a takzhe rassmatrivayutsya metody upravleniya izderzhkami, vnedrennye na predpriyatii. V tret'ej glave provoditsya analiz finansovohozyajstvennoj deyatel'nosti predpriyatiya, uchet izderzhek razlichnymi metodami, a takzhe vyrabatyvayutsya predlozheniya dlya povysheniya ehffektivnosti upravleniya izderzhkami v AO Mospromzhelezobeton