667 research outputs found
Encapsulation of a {Cu16} cluster containing four [Cu4O4] cubanes within an isopolyoxometalate {W44} cluster
We report a {Cu16} embedded within a {W44} cluster containing four cubane-like [Cu4O4] units within an isopolyoxotungstate (isoPOT) in a {Na4Cu4[(H2W11O38) (CH3COO)(OH)3]}4·88H2O (1) and a polyanion Cu-linked {W11} chain Na6Cu2[(H2W11O38)(CH3COO)(OH)]·26H2O (2). Electronically, the redox properties show that both compounds 1 and 2 undergo irreversible reductions resulting in the demetalation of the compounds, whilst the magnetic behavior of 1 and 2 shows a weak antiferromagnetic and a stronger ferromagnetic coupling, respectively
Investigating the transformations of polyoxoanions using mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics
The reactions of [γ-SiW10O36]8– represent one of the most important synthetic gateways into a vast array of polyoxotungstate chemistry. Herein, we set about exploring the transformation of the lacunary polyoxoanion [β2-SiW11O39]8– into [γ-SiW10O36]8– using high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry, density functional theory, and molecular dynamics. We show that the reaction proceeds through an unexpected {SiW9} precursor capable of undertaking a direct β → γ isomerization via a rotational transformation. The remarkably low-energy transition state of this transformation could be identified through theoretical calculations. Moreover, we explore the significant role of the countercations for the first time in such studies. This combination of experimental and the theoretical studies can now be used to understand the complex chemical transformations of oxoanions, leading to the design of reactivity by structural control
A metamorphic inorganic framework that can be switched between eight single-crystalline states
The design of highly flexible framework materials requires organic linkers, whereas inorganic materials are more robust but inflexible. Here, by using linkable inorganic rings made up of tungsten oxide (P8W48O184) building blocks, we synthesized an inorganic single crystal material that can undergo at least eight different crystal-to-crystal transformations, with gigantic crystal volume contraction and expansion changes ranging from −2,170 to +1,720 Å3 with no reduction in crystallinity. Not only does this material undergo the largest single crystal-to-single crystal volume transformation thus far reported (to the best of our knowledge), the system also shows conformational flexibility while maintaining robustness over several cycles in the reversible uptake and release of guest molecules switching the crystal between different metamorphic states. This material combines the robustness of inorganic materials with the flexibility of organic frameworks, thereby challenging the notion that flexible materials with robustness are mutually exclusive
Englacial Architecture of Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica
The analysis of englacial layers using radio-echo sounding data enables the characterisation and reconstruction of current and past ice-sheet flow. Despite the Lambert Glacier catchment being one of the largest in Antarctica, discharging ~16 % of East Antarctica’s ice, its englacial architecture has been little analysed. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Lambert Glacier’s englacial architecture using radio-echo sounding data collected by the Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province Project (AGAP) North survey. We used an “internal-layering continuity index” (ILCI) to characterise the internal architecture of the ice and identify four macro-scale ILCI zones with distinct glaciological contexts. Whilst the catchment is dominated by continuous englacial layering, disrupted or discontinuous layering is highlighted by the ILCI at both the onset of enhanced ice flow (defined here as >15 ma−1) and along the shear margin, revealing the transition from internal-deformation-controlled to basal-sliding-dominated ice flow. These zones are characterised by buckled and folded englacial layers which align with the current ice-flow regime, and which we interpret as evidence that the flow direction of the Lambert Glacier trunk has changed little, if at all, during the Holocene. However, disturbed englacial layers along a deep subglacial channel that does not correspond to modern ice-flow routing suggest that ice-flow change has occurred in a former tributary which fed Lambert Glacier from grid north. As large outlet systems such as Lambert Glacier are likely to play a vital role in the future drainage of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, constraining their englacial architecture to reconstruct their past ice flow and assess basal conditions is important.</p
Prototype effect and the persuasiveness of generalizations
An argument that makes use of a generalization activates the prototype for the category used in the generalization. We conducted two experiments that investigated how the activation of the prototype affects the persuasiveness of the argument. The results of the experiments suggest that the features of the prototype overshadow and partly overwrite the actual facts of the case. The case is, to some extent, judged as if it had the features of the prototype instead of the features it actually has. This prototype effect increases the persuasiveness of the argument in situations where the audience finds the judgment more warranted for the prototype than for the actual case (positive prototype effect), but decreases persuasiveness in situations where the audience finds the judgment less warranted for the prototype than for the actual case (negative prototype effect)
Detectability of low energy X-ray spectral components in type 1 AGN
In this paper we examine the percentage of type 1 AGN which require the
inclusion of a soft excess component and/or significant cold absorption in the
modelling of their X-ray spectra obtained by XMM-Newton. We do this by
simulating spectra which mimic typical spectral shapes in order to find the
maximum detectability expected at different count levels. We then apply a
correction to the observed percentages found for the Scott et al. (2011) sample
of 761 sources. We estimate the true percentage of AGN with a soft excess
component to be 75+/-23%, suggesting that soft excesses are ubiquitous in the
X-ray spectra of type 1 AGN. By carrying out joint fits on groups of low count
spectra in narrow z bins in which additional spectral components were not
originally detected, we show that the soft excess feature is recovered with a
mean temperature kT and blackbody to power-law normalisation ratio consistent
with those of components detected in individual high count spectra. Cold
absorption with nH values broadly consistent with those reported in individual
spectra are also recovered. We suggest such intrinsic cold absorption is found
in a minimum of ~5% of type 1 AGN and may be present in up to ~10%.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Major ice‐sheet change in the Weddell Sector of West Antarctica over the last 5000 years
Until recently, little was known about the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. In the last 10 years, a variety of expeditions and numerical modelling experiments have improved knowledge of its glaciology, glacial geology, and tectonic setting. Two of the sector's largest ice streams rest on a steep reverse‐sloping bed yet, despite being vulnerable to change, satellite observations show contemporary stability. There is clear evidence for major ice‐sheet reconfiguration in the last few thousand years, however. Knowing precisely how the ice sheet has changed in the past, and when, would allow us to better understand whether it is now at risk. Two competing hypotheses have been established for this glacial history. In one, the ice sheet retreated and thinned progressively from its Last Glacial Maximum position. Retreat stopped at, or very near, the present position in the Late Holocene. Alternatively, in the Late Holocene the ice sheet retreated significantly upstream of the present grounding line, and then advanced to the present location due to glacial isostatic adjustment, and ice‐shelf and ice rise buttressing. Both hypotheses point to data and theory in their support, yet neither has been unequivocally tested or falsified. Here, we review geophysical evidence to determine how each hypothesis has been formed, where there are inconsistencies in the respective glacial histories, how they may be tested or reconciled, and what new evidence is required to reach a common model for the Late Holocene ice sheet history of the Weddell Sea sector of West Antarctica
Can we measure the accretion efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei?
The accretion efficiency for individual black holes is very difficult to
determine accurately. There are many factors that can influence each step of
the calculation, such as the dust and host galaxy contribution to the observed
luminosity, the black hole mass and more importantly, the uncertainties on the
bolometric luminosity measurement. Ideally, we would measure the AGN emission
at every wavelength, remove the host galaxy and dust, reconstruct the AGN
spectral energy distribution and integrate to determine the intrinsic emission
and the accretion rate. In reality, this is not possible due to observational
limitations and our own galaxy line of sight obscuration. We have then to infer
the bolometric luminosity from spectral measurements made in discontinuous
wavebands and at different epochs. In this paper we tackle this issue by
exploring different methods to determine the bolometric luminosity. We first
explore the trend of accretion efficiency with black hole mass (efficiency
proportional to M^{\sim 0.5}) found in recent work by Davis & Laor and discuss
why this is most likely an artefact of the parameter space covered by their PG
quasar sample. We then target small samples of AGN at different redshifts,
luminosities and black hole masses to investigate the possible methods to
calculate the accretion efficiency. For these sources we are able to determine
the mass accretion rate and, with some assumptions, the accretion efficiency
distributions. Even though we select the sources for which we are able to
determine the parameters more accurately, there are still factors affecting the
measurements that are hard to constrain. We suggest methods to overcome these
problems based on contemporaneous multi-wavelength data measurements and
specifically targeted observations for AGN in different black hole mass ranges.Comment: 16 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
The XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey (XWAS): the X-ray spectrum of type-1 AGN
We discuss the broad band X-ray properties of one of the largest samples of
X-ray selected type-1 AGN to date (487 objects in total), drawn from the
XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey. The objects cover 2-10 keV luminosities from
~10^{42}-10^{45} erg s^{-1} and are detected up to redshift ~4. We constrain
the overall properties of the broad band continuum, soft excess and X-ray
absorption, along with their dependence on the X-ray luminosity and redshift
and we discuss the implications for models of AGN emission. We constrained the
mean spectral index of the broad band X-ray continuum to =1.96+-0.02
with intrinsic dispersion sigma=0.27_{-0.02}^{+0.01}. The continuum becomes
harder at faint fluxes and at higher redshifts and luminosities. The dependence
of Gamma with flux is likely due to undetected absorption rather than to
spectral variation. We found a strong dependence of the detection efficiency of
objects on the spectral shape which can have a strong impact on the measured
mean continuum shapes of sources at different redshifts and luminosities. We
detected excess absorption in ~3% of our objects, with column densities ~a few
x10^{22} cm^{-2}. The apparent mismatch between the optical classification and
X-ray properties of these objects is a challenge for the standard AGN
unification model. We found that the fraction of objects with detected soft
excess is ~36%. Using a thermal model, we constrained the soft excess mean
temperature and intrinsic dispersion to ~100 eV and sigma~34 eV. The origin
of the soft excess as thermal emission from the accretion disk or Compton
scattered disk emission is ruled out on the basis of the temperatures detected
and the lack of correlation of the measured temperature with the X-ray
luminosity (abridged).Comment: 13 pages, 24 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Systematic Cu-63 NQR studies of the stripe phase in La(1.6-x)Nd(0.4)Sr(x)CuO(4) for 0.07 <= x <= 0.25
We demonstrate that the integrated intensity of Cu-63 nuclear quadrupole
resonance (NQR) in La(1.6-x)Nd(0.4)Sr(x)CuO(4) decreases dramatically below the
charge-stripe ordering temperature T(charge). Comparison with neutron and X-ray
scattering indicates that the wipeout fraction F(T) (i.e. the missing fraction
of the integrated intensity of the NQR signal) represents the charge-stripe
order parameter. The systematic study reveals bulk charge-stripe order
throughout the superconducting region 0.07 <= x <= 0.25. As a function of the
reduced temperature t = T/T(charge), the temperature dependence of F(t) is
sharpest for the hole concentration x=1/8, indicating that x=1/8 is the optimum
concentration for stripe formation.Comment: 10 pages of text and captions, 11 figures in postscript. Final
version, with new data in Fig.
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