Unique growth pattern of human mammary epithelial cells induced by polymeric nanoparticles.

Due to their unique properties, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have found broad use in industry, technology, and medicine, including as a vehicle for drug delivery. However, the understanding of NPs' interaction with different types of mammalian cells lags significantly behind their increasing adoption in drug delivery. In this study, we show unique responses of human epithelial breast cells when exposed to polymeric Eudragit® RS NPs (ENPs) for 1-3 days. Cells displayed dose-dependent increases in metabolic activity and growth, but lower proliferation rates, than control cells, as evidenced in tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assays, respectively. Those effects did not affect cell death or mitochondrial fragmentation. We attribute the increase in metabolic activity and growth of cells culture with ENPs to three factors: (1) high affinity of proteins present in the serum for ENPs, (2) adhesion of ENPs to cells, and (3) activation of proliferation and growth pathways. The proteins and genes responsible for stimulating cell adhesion and growth were identified by mass spectrometry and Microarray analyses. We demonstrate a novel property of ENPs, which act to increase cell metabolic activity and growth and organize epithelial cells in the epithelium as determined by Microarray analysis

Time-Dependent Subcellular Distribution and Effects of Carbon Nanotubes in Lungs of Mice

BACKGROUND AND METHODS:Pulmonary deposited carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cleared very slowly from the lung, but there is limited information on how CNTs interact with the lung tissue over time. To address this, three different multiwalled CNTs were intratracheally instilled into female C57BL/6 mice: one short (850 nm) and tangled, and two longer (4 μm and 5.7 μm) and thicker. We assessed the cellular interaction with these CNTs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 1, 3 and 28 days after instillation. RESULTS:TEM analysis revealed that the three CNTs followed the same overall progression pattern over time. Initially, CNTs were taken up either by a diffusion mechanism or via endocytosis. Then CNTs were agglomerated in vesicles in macrophages. Lastly, at 28 days post-exposure, evidence suggesting CNT escape from vesicle enclosures were found. The longer and thicker CNTs more often perturbed and escaped vesicular enclosures in macrophages compared to the smaller CNTs. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) showed that the CNT exposure induced both an eosinophil influx and also eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia. CONCLUSION:Two very different types of multiwalled CNTs had very similar pattern of cellular interactions in lung tissue, with the longer and thicker CNTs resulting in more severe effects in terms of eosinophil influx and incidence of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia (ECP)

MWCNTs of different physicochemical properties cause similar inflammatory responses, but differences in transcriptional and histological markers of fibrosis in mouse lungs

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are extensively produced and used in composite materials and electronic applications, thus increasing risk of worker and consumer exposure. MWCNTs are an inhomogeneous group of nanomaterials that come in various lengths, shapes and with different metal contaminations, which makes hazard evaluation difficult. However, several studies suggest that length plays an important role in the toxicity induced by MWCNTs. How the length influences toxicity at the molecular level is yet to be characterized. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed by single intratracheal instillation to 18, 54 or 162 µg/mouse of a short MWCNT (NRCWE-026, 847±102 nm in length) or long MWCNT (NM-401, 4048±366 nm in length). The two MWCNTs were extensively characterized. Lung tissues were harvested 24 h, 3 d and 28 d after exposure. We employed DNA microarrays, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, comet assay and dichlorodihydrofluorescein assay in order to profile the pulmonary responses. Bioinformatics tools were then applied to compare and contrast the expression profiles and to build a length dependent property-response matrix for gene-by-gene comparison. The toxicogenomic analysis of the global mRNA changes after exposure to the short, entangled NRCWE-026 or the longer, stiffer NM-401 showed high degree of similarities. The toxicity of both MWCNTs was driven by strong inflammatory and acute phase responses, which peaked at day 3 and was observed both in bronchoalveolar lavage cell influx and in gene expression profiles. The inflammatory response was sustained at post-exposure day 28. Also, at the sub-chronic level, we identified a sub-set of 14 fibrosis related genes that were uniquely differentially regulated after exposure to NM-401. Acellular ROS production occurred almost exclusively with NRCWE-026, however the longer NM-401 induced in vivo DNA strand breaks and differential regulation of genes involved in free radical scavenging more readily than NRCWE-026. Our results indicate that the global mRNA response after exposure to MWCNTs is length independent at the acute time points, but that fibrosis may be length dependent sub-chronic end point.JRC.H.6-Digital Earth and Reference Dat

Biodistribution et toxcité respiratoires des nanotubes de carbone chez la souris normale et dans un modèle murin d'asthme allergique

With the development of nanotechnologies, the question arises about the respiratory toxicity and the impact of the manufactured nanoparticles on the respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma. The aim of this thesis was to study the respiratory toxicity and biodistribution of carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are emblematic figures of nanotechnologies, in normal mice and in a murine asthma model. This work was conducted on multi-walled CNT, which represent more than 95% of the industrial production of CNT. Our data showed that CNT distribute uniformly in the mouse airways, that they areinternalized by different resident and infiltrated cells (macrophages, type II pneumocytes, neutrophils), and that they are able, according to the dose and duration of exposure, to induce an inflammatory response and a tissue remodeling. Our data also showed that CNT can promote the response to an allergen, and suggested that epithelial cells play a role in this effect. Thus, exposure to CNT could represent a risk for the respiratory health of healthy subjects and asthmatics.Avec l'essor des nanotechnologies, se pose la question de la toxicité respiratoire et de l'impact des nanoparticules manufacturées sur des pathologies respiratoires telles que l’asthme allergique. Cette thèse a eu pour but d’étudier la toxicité respiratoire des nanotubes de carbone (NTC), figure emblématique des nanotechnologies, en lien avec leur biodistribution, chez la souris normale et dans un modèle murin d’asthme. Ce travail a porté sur des NTC à parois multiples, qui représentent plus de 95% de la production industrielle de NTC. Nos travaux ont montré que ces NTC se distribuent de façon uniforme dans les voies respiratoires de la souris, qu’ils sont internalisés par différentes cellulesrésidantes ou infiltrées (macrophages, pneumocytes de type II, neutrophiles), et qu'ils sont capables, en fonction de la dose et de la durée d'exposition, d'induire une inflammation et un remodelage des voies aériennes. Nos données ont également montré que ces NTC peuvent promouvoir la réponse à un allergène, les cellules épithéliales jouant un rôle dans cet effet. Ainsi, l’exposition aux NTC pourrait représenter un risque pour la santé respiratoire des sujets sains, mais également des sujets asthmatiques

Respiratory biodistribution and toxicity of carbon nanotubes in normal mice and in murine allergic asthma model

Avec l'essor des nanotechnologies, se pose la question de la toxicité respiratoire et de l'impact des nanoparticules manufacturées sur des pathologies respiratoires telles que l’asthme allergique. Cette thèse a eu pour but d’étudier la toxicité respiratoire des nanotubes de carbone (NTC), figure emblématique des nanotechnologies, en lien avec leur biodistribution, chez la souris normale et dans un modèle murin d’asthme. Ce travail a porté sur des NTC à parois multiples, qui représentent plus de 95% de la production industrielle de NTC. Nos travaux ont montré que ces NTC se distribuent de façon uniforme dans les voies respiratoires de la souris, qu’ils sont internalisés par différentes cellulesrésidantes ou infiltrées (macrophages, pneumocytes de type II, neutrophiles), et qu'ils sont capables, en fonction de la dose et de la durée d'exposition, d'induire une inflammation et un remodelage des voies aériennes. Nos données ont également montré que ces NTC peuvent promouvoir la réponse à un allergène, les cellules épithéliales jouant un rôle dans cet effet. Ainsi, l’exposition aux NTC pourrait représenter un risque pour la santé respiratoire des sujets sains, mais également des sujets asthmatiques.With the development of nanotechnologies, the question arises about the respiratory toxicity and the impact of the manufactured nanoparticles on the respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma. The aim of this thesis was to study the respiratory toxicity and biodistribution of carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are emblematic figures of nanotechnologies, in normal mice and in a murine asthma model. This work was conducted on multi-walled CNT, which represent more than 95% of the industrial production of CNT. Our data showed that CNT distribute uniformly in the mouse airways, that they areinternalized by different resident and infiltrated cells (macrophages, type II pneumocytes, neutrophils), and that they are able, according to the dose and duration of exposure, to induce an inflammatory response and a tissue remodeling. Our data also showed that CNT can promote the response to an allergen, and suggested that epithelial cells play a role in this effect. Thus, exposure to CNT could represent a risk for the respiratory health of healthy subjects and asthmatics

Respiratory biodistribution and toxicity of carbon nanotubes in normal mice and in murine allergic asthma model

Avec l'essor des nanotechnologies, se pose la question de la toxicité respiratoire et de l'impact des nanoparticules manufacturées sur des pathologies respiratoires telles que l’asthme allergique. Cette thèse a eu pour but d’étudier la toxicité respiratoire des nanotubes de carbone (NTC), figure emblématique des nanotechnologies, en lien avec leur biodistribution, chez la souris normale et dans un modèle murin d’asthme. Ce travail a porté sur des NTC à parois multiples, qui représentent plus de 95% de la production industrielle de NTC. Nos travaux ont montré que ces NTC se distribuent de façon uniforme dans les voies respiratoires de la souris, qu’ils sont internalisés par différentes cellulesrésidantes ou infiltrées (macrophages, pneumocytes de type II, neutrophiles), et qu'ils sont capables, en fonction de la dose et de la durée d'exposition, d'induire une inflammation et un remodelage des voies aériennes. Nos données ont également montré que ces NTC peuvent promouvoir la réponse à un allergène, les cellules épithéliales jouant un rôle dans cet effet. Ainsi, l’exposition aux NTC pourrait représenter un risque pour la santé respiratoire des sujets sains, mais également des sujets asthmatiques.With the development of nanotechnologies, the question arises about the respiratory toxicity and the impact of the manufactured nanoparticles on the respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma. The aim of this thesis was to study the respiratory toxicity and biodistribution of carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are emblematic figures of nanotechnologies, in normal mice and in a murine asthma model. This work was conducted on multi-walled CNT, which represent more than 95% of the industrial production of CNT. Our data showed that CNT distribute uniformly in the mouse airways, that they areinternalized by different resident and infiltrated cells (macrophages, type II pneumocytes, neutrophils), and that they are able, according to the dose and duration of exposure, to induce an inflammatory response and a tissue remodeling. Our data also showed that CNT can promote the response to an allergen, and suggested that epithelial cells play a role in this effect. Thus, exposure to CNT could represent a risk for the respiratory health of healthy subjects and asthmatics