89 research outputs found

    Patterns of variation in DNA segments upstream of transcription start sites

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    It is likely that evolutionary differences among species are driven by sequence changes in regulatory regions. Likewise, polymorphisms in the promoter regions may be responsible for interindividual differences at the level of populations. We present an unbiased survey of genetic variation in 2-kb segments upstream of the transcription start sites of 28 protein-coding genes, characterized in five population groups of different geographic origin. On average, we found 9.1 polymorphisms and 8.8 haplotypes per segment with corresponding nucleotide and haplotype diversities of 0.082% and 58%, respectively. We characterized these segments through different summary statistics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibria fixation index (Fst) estimates, and neutrality tests, as well as by analyzing the distributions of haplotype allelic classes, introduced here to assess the departure from neutrality and examined by coalescent simulations under a simple population model, assuming recombinations or different demography. Our results suggest that genetic diversity in some of these regions could have been shaped by purifying selection and driven by adaptive changes in the other, thus explaining the relatively large variance in the corresponding genetic diversity indices loci. However, some of these effects could be also due to linkage with surrounding sequences, and the neutralists' explanations cannot be ruled out given uncertainty in the underlying demographic histories and the possibility of random effects due to the small size of the studied segments. Hum Mutat 28(5), 441–450, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc

    A new synaptic player leading to autism risk: Met receptor tyrosine kinase

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    The validity for assigning disorder risk to an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate gene comes from convergent genetic, clinical, and developmental neurobiology data. Here, we review these lines of evidence from multiple human genetic studies, and non-human primate and mouse experiments that support the conclusion that the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) functions to influence synapse development in circuits relevant to certain core behavioral domains of ASD. There is association of both common functional alleles and rare copy number variants that impact levels of MET expression in the human cortex. The timing of Met expression is linked to axon terminal outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the developing rodent and primate forebrain, and both in vitro and in vivo studies implicate this RTK in dendritic branching, spine maturation, and excitatory connectivity in the neocortex. This impact can occur in a cell-nonautonomous fashion, emphasizing the unique role that Met plays in specific circuits relevant to ASD

    Information systems for collaborating versus transacting: Impact on manufacturing plant performance in the presence of demand volatility⋆

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    Research at the nexus of operations management and information systems suggests that manufacturing plants may benefit from the utilization of information systems for collaborating and transacting with suppliers and customers. The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which value generated by information systems for collaborating versus transacting is contingent upon demand volatility. We analyze a unique dataset assembled from non‐public U.S. Census Bureau data of manufacturing plants. Our findings suggest that when faced with volatile demand, plants employing information systems for collaborating with suppliers and customers experience positive and significant benefits to performance, in terms of both labor productivity and inventory turnover. In contrast, results suggest that plants employing information systems for transacting in volatile environments do not experience such benefits. Further exploratory analysis suggests that in the context of demand volatility, these two distinct dimensions of IT‐based integration have differing performance implications at different stages of the production process in terms of raw‐materials inventory and finished‐goods inventory, but not in terms of work‐in‐process inventory. Taken together, our study contributes to theoretical and managerial understanding of the contingent value of information systems in volatile demand conditions in the supply chain context.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147128/1/joom313.pd

    Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

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    Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≄ II, EF ≀35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

    Détermination du type de récepteur à l'angiotensine impliqué dans la resténose post-angioplastique

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    Une des complications qui survient chez 1/3 des patients dans les 6 mois suivant une angioplastie est la restĂ©nose, rĂ©ponse myoprolifĂ©rative du muscle lisse vasculaire. Cette formation nĂ©ointimale (LIU et al., 1989), nĂ©cessite souvent une angioplastie ultĂ©rieure ou un pontage aortocoronarien chez l'homme. Dans un modĂšle animal, cette restĂ©nose a Ă©tĂ© partiellement supprimĂ©e par des doses Ă©levĂ©es d'inhibiteurs et d'antagonistes reliĂ©es au systĂšme rĂ©nine angiotensine. Nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© rĂ©cemment sur ce modĂšle qu'une infusion intralĂ©sionelle de Br[indice infĂ©rieur 5]Ang, un antagoniste peptidique non-sĂ©lectif de longue durĂ©e d'action de l'angiotensine II (Ang), peut prĂ©venir une formation nĂ©ointimale (LAPORTE et ESCHER, 1992). Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que l'Ang est un mĂ©diateur nĂ©cessaire mais n'identifie pas le type de rĂ©cepteur par lequel cette rĂ©ponse est mĂ©diĂ©e. Pour rĂ©soudre cette question, une expĂ©rience avec des antagonistes sĂ©lectifs fut effectuĂ©e. L'angioplastie des artĂšres carotides de rats Sprague-Dawley fut suivie d'un traitement continu de 14 jours par infusion intra-artĂ©rielle de losartan (antagoniste sĂ©lectif au rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] de l'angiotensine II), de PD123319 (antagoniste sĂ©lectif au rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] de l'angiotensine II), d'une combinaison de losartan et de PD123319 ou d'une infusion de salin. La morphomĂ©trie des coupes histologiques des artĂšres recueillies 14 jours aprĂšs l'angioplastie a permis de calculer la lumiĂšre vasculaire et l'Ă©paisseur nĂ©ointimale moyenne. Ces calculs dĂ©montrent une rĂ©duction de la restĂ©nose dans le groupe traitĂ© avec le losartan lorsque comparĂ© au groupe contrĂŽle. Cette rĂ©duction de la restĂ©nose est Ă©gale Ă  celle observĂ©e avec la combinaison de losartan et de PD123319. Le PD123319 seul n'a pas reĂ©duit la restĂ©nose de façon significative. Il semble alors que le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] de l'angiotensine II soit responsable en partie de la restĂ©nose post-angioplastique chez le rat Sprague-Dawley. Le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] de l'angiotensine II ne semble pas ĂȘtre impliquĂ© de façon significative dans ce processus

    Détermination du type de récepteur à l'angiotensine impliqué dans la resténose post-angioplastique

    No full text
    Une des complications qui survient chez 1/3 des patients dans les 6 mois suivant une angioplastie est la restĂ©nose, rĂ©ponse myoprolifĂ©rative du muscle lisse vasculaire. Cette formation nĂ©ointimale (LIU et al., 1989), nĂ©cessite souvent une angioplastie ultĂ©rieure ou un pontage aortocoronarien chez l'homme. Dans un modĂšle animal, cette restĂ©nose a Ă©tĂ© partiellement supprimĂ©e par des doses Ă©levĂ©es d'inhibiteurs et d'antagonistes reliĂ©es au systĂšme rĂ©nine angiotensine. Nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© rĂ©cemment sur ce modĂšle qu'une infusion intralĂ©sionelle de Br[indice infĂ©rieur 5]Ang, un antagoniste peptidique non-sĂ©lectif de longue durĂ©e d'action de l'angiotensine II (Ang), peut prĂ©venir une formation nĂ©ointimale (LAPORTE et ESCHER, 1992). Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que l'Ang est un mĂ©diateur nĂ©cessaire mais n'identifie pas le type de rĂ©cepteur par lequel cette rĂ©ponse est mĂ©diĂ©e. Pour rĂ©soudre cette question, une expĂ©rience avec des antagonistes sĂ©lectifs fut effectuĂ©e. L'angioplastie des artĂšres carotides de rats Sprague-Dawley fut suivie d'un traitement continu de 14 jours par infusion intra-artĂ©rielle de losartan (antagoniste sĂ©lectif au rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] de l'angiotensine II), de PD123319 (antagoniste sĂ©lectif au rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] de l'angiotensine II), d'une combinaison de losartan et de PD123319 ou d'une infusion de salin. La morphomĂ©trie des coupes histologiques des artĂšres recueillies 14 jours aprĂšs l'angioplastie a permis de calculer la lumiĂšre vasculaire et l'Ă©paisseur nĂ©ointimale moyenne. Ces calculs dĂ©montrent une rĂ©duction de la restĂ©nose dans le groupe traitĂ© avec le losartan lorsque comparĂ© au groupe contrĂŽle. Cette rĂ©duction de la restĂ©nose est Ă©gale Ă  celle observĂ©e avec la combinaison de losartan et de PD123319. Le PD123319 seul n'a pas reĂ©duit la restĂ©nose de façon significative. Il semble alors que le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 1] de l'angiotensine II soit responsable en partie de la restĂ©nose post-angioplastique chez le rat Sprague-Dawley. Le rĂ©cepteur AT[indice infĂ©rieur 2] de l'angiotensine II ne semble pas ĂȘtre impliquĂ© de façon significative dans ce processus
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