Determining Index Data from Refracted/Diffracted Rays

An optical fiber is a cylindrical waveguide of visible (or near visible) light composed of silica doped with germanium oxide (Ge02). The guiding is accomplished by varying the level of Ge02 in the fiber to create an index of refraction in the fiber that varies with the radius of the fiber. The fiber is manufactured by creating a large cane with a radius on the order of centimeters that goes through a sequence of heatings and extrusions until it reaches the finished size, which has a radius on the order of microns. To assess the quality of optical fibers during their manufacture, it is common to measure the index of refraction of a cane during an intermediate step of the process. The index of refraction varies with the radius of the cane, and is written n(r). The desired profile varies depending on the future use of the optical fiber, but a standard profile is a simple parabola. The actual profile in an optical fiber does not match the desired profile due to the way in which optical fibers are manufactured. A glass blank is spun on a lathe while a flame that is fed an appropriate level of silica and Ge02 moves rapidly back and forth along the cane. Soot from the flame is deposited on the spinning blank. Naturally the deposition will create spiral patterns of doping on the cane. This creates oscillations in the level of Ge02, and therefore in the desired refractive index. Because soot is being deposited at a constant volumetric rate, the wavelength of the oscillation decreases as the radius of the cane increases. The flame travels up and back along the cane in each layer, so the layer structure has two local maxima in each full oscillation. Because the oscillatory behavior of n(r) is unimportant in the final product, Corning asked to determine a way to remove the noise in the measurements of n(r) caused by the oscillations, and determine the background profile

APPLICATIONS OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY: LESSONS FROM THE SPACE PROGRAM

Agribusiness,

Evaluation of non-specular reflecting silvered Teflon and filled adhesives

A non-specular silver-Teflon tape thermal control coating was tested to provide the data necessary to qualify it for use on the Space Shuttle Orbiter radiators. Effects of cure cycle temperature and pressure on optical and mechanical properties on the silver-Teflon tape were evaluated. The baseline Permacel P-223 adhesive, used with the specular silver-Teflon tape initially qualified for the Orbiter radiators, and four alternate metal-filled and unfilled adhesives were evaluated. Tests showed the cure process has no effect on the silver-Teflon optical properties, and that the baseline adhesive cure cycle gives best results. In addition the P-223 adhesive bond is more reproducible than the alternates, and the non-specular tape meets both the mechanical and the optical requirements of the Orbiter radiator coating specification. Existing Orbiter coating techniques were demonstrated to be effective in aplying the non-specular tape to a curved panel simulating the radiators. Autho

Arkansas Cotton Variety Test 2013

The primary goal of the Arkansas Cotton Variety Test is to provide unbiased data regarding the agronomic performance of cotton varieties and advanced breeding lines in the major cotton-growing areas of Arkansas. This information helps seed companies establish marketing strategies and assists producers in choosing varieties to plant. These annual evaluations will then facilitate the inclusion of new, improved genetic material in Arkansas cotton production

Summaries of Arkansas Cotton Research 2021

While the basic growth and development of the cotton plant have not changed significantly in recent history, the business of cotton production is ever-changing. The last two years have seen us plant a crop just about as late as we thought possible, yet extended favorable conditions at season\u27s end have been our salvation, helping to lead us to record yields. The economic environment over the last few years has been such that farmers need to produce record or near-record yields to advance. Unfortunately, production levels at the state yield average barely cover out-of-pocket expenses. Great uncertainties exist for the upcoming 2022 season as it appears “business as usual” is out the door. While record prices are being seen for cotton lint, record increases in production inputs have far exceeded the pace of the increase of lint value. While we can lock in our lint price, input availability and cost are in question. Without judicious management and use of inputs, many feel it could be possible to not pay out even with cotton over $1.00 per pound. The need for recommendations of unbiased research- based cotton production practices is perhaps as great now as it has ever been. We are fortunate in Arkansas that publications such as this contain the latest research that validates and serves to fine-tune existing recommendations and is freely available to all

Summaries of Arkansas Cotton Research 2019

Statewide, temperatures and precipitation were mostly above average (https://www.weather.gov/lzk/cli2019atxt.htm). The 2019 season was the wettest since 2015, and the 7th wettest on record. The wettest month was May, and the driest month was September. By average temperature, the coldest month was January, and the warmest month was August. Considering departures from normal, the most significant warmth occurred in September, which was 7.0 degrees above average. Many fields were muddy or underwater, given a lot of rain early in the year, and extensive river flooding (including the historic Arkansas River flood). It was far too wet in some areas of the state for any planting during the beginning of the growing season. In August, The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a report stating that Arkansas had 38,068 acres of cotton unplanted (or prevented) (https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news-room/news-releases/2019/report-farmers-prevented-from-planting-crops-on-more-than-19-million-acres). Arkansas producers harvested 610,000 acres of cotton in 2019, up 27% from 2018 (https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Arkansas/Publications/Crop_Releases/Annual_Summary/2019/arannsum19.pdf). The yield is expected to average 1102 pounds per harvested acre, down 31 pounds from last year. Production is estimated at 1.40 million bales, up 24% from 2018. In the last five years, cotton acreage in Arkansas has steadily increased from an all-time low of 210,000 acres in 2015 to 610,000 planted acres in 2019. One reason for the increase can be attributed to a downturn in prices received by producers for commodities such as corn and soybean, which compete for acres with cotton. This increase of acres continues to push our ginning capacity of 28 gins in 2018 and on-farm picker capacity to the limit. Arkansas producers have averaged 1124 lb lint/ac over the last five years producing an average of 860,000 bales per year. Total average value of Arkansas cotton to the Arkansas economy has been over 284 million dollars per year. Each of the last five years has yields that rank historically in the top 7 of all time. Arkansas currently ranks fourth in 2019 cotton production behind Texas, Georgia, and Mississippi

Reading the Landscape of Bates

This thesis uses historical perspectives and contemporary sightlines to read the 21st century landscape of Bates College, and reflect on particular human relationships with the environment throughout the history. Such considerations are valuable for understanding the changing relationships people have to the landscape in which they are set. What\u27s behind these changes can teach us how to modify our perspective of what we think we\u27re seeing, and perhaps even deepen our appreciation of how we utilize our space

Incorporating Writer’s Workshop in a Third-Grade Classroom: A Look into How Students Perceive Themselves as Writers

This study examined how students perceived themselves as writers and what happened when writer’s workshop was implemented into a third-grade classroom. The researcher collected data through pre- and post-perception surveys, observations, artifacts, and student interviews. Findings showed that self-confidence played a role in how students perceive themselves as writers. An array of emotions was observed during the implementation process and the emotions impacted the students and their desire to write. Mentor texts, share time, graphic organizers, instrumental music, and choice were utilized during the writer\u27s workshop to promote engagement in writing. Students verbalized how these practices assisted them in all aspects of writing, including brainstorming and grammar. Many students expressed how foundational writing skills directly impacted their perception of themselves as writers. However, when given more opportunities to write, the students began to take more ownership and pride in their writing while putting less stress on being grammatically correct

With a Body Like Mine: Relationship Between Body Esteem, Perceived Rivals, and Jealousy

The current study sought to examine the relation of body dissatisfaction to jealousy and the role of perceived rivals in that relationship. Specifically, it examined whether, in women, the perceived number of rivals to a romantic relationship mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and jealousy in a romantic relationship. Results indicated that there was a significant relation of body dissatisfaction to jealousy in a romantic relationship through perceived rivals to that romantic relationship. Subsequent regression analyses indicated that when all variables are placed in the model, only the variables of self-esteem and narcissism were predictors of overall jealousy in the romantic relationships. Contrary to the hypothesis, with all variables placed in the model, body dissatisfaction was not a predictor of jealousy, however, results did support the hypothesis that women with higher body dissatisfaction would report more perceived rivals